Bump version for 1.9.3

Update Gemfile.lock
Use registry:3 image for the integration tests
2025-06-25 08:29:11 +01:00 · 2025-06-25 08:04:44 +01:00 · 2025-06-25 08:04:44 +01:00 · 2025-06-25 07:55:12 +01:00 · 2025-06-24 11:39:32 -07:00 · 2024-10-06 14:06:39 -04:00
193 changed files with 3012 additions and 4007 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main
+      - 1-9-stable
  pull_request:
 jobs:
  rubocop:
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@ jobs:
        gemfile:
          - Gemfile
          - gemfiles/rails_edge.gemfile
+        exclude:
+          - ruby-version: "3.1"
+            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_edge.gemfile
    name: ${{ format('Tests (Ruby {0})', matrix.ruby-version) }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    continue-on-error: true
--- a/.github/workflows/docker-publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-publish.yml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ on:
      tagInput:
        description: 'Tag'
        required: true
-    
+
  release:
    types: [created]
    tags:
@@ -51,5 +51,4 @@ jobs:
          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
          push: true
          tags: |
-            ghcr.io/basecamp/kamal:latest
            ghcr.io/basecamp/kamal:${{ steps.version-tag.outputs.value }}
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ WORKDIR /workdir

 # Tell git it's safe to access /workdir/.git even if
 # the directory is owned by a different user
-RUN git config --global --add safe.directory /workdir
+RUN git config --global --add safe.directory '*'

 # Set the entrypoint to run the installed binary in /workdir
 # Example:  docker run -it -v "$PWD:/workdir" kamal init
--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
 PATH
  remote: .
  specs:
-    kamal (2.0.0.beta1)
+    kamal (1.9.3)
      activesupport (>= 7.0)
      base64 (~> 0.2)
      bcrypt_pbkdf (~> 1.0)
      concurrent-ruby (~> 1.2)
-      dotenv (~> 3.1)
+      dotenv (~> 2.8)
      ed25519 (~> 1.2)
      net-ssh (~> 7.0)
      sshkit (>= 1.23.0, < 2.0)
-      thor (~> 1.3)
+      thor (~> 1.2)
      zeitwerk (~> 2.5)

 GEM
  remote: https://rubygems.org/
  specs:
-    actionpack (7.1.3.4)
-      actionview (= 7.1.3.4)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.3.4)
+    actionpack (7.1.2)
+      actionview (= 7.1.2)
+      activesupport (= 7.1.2)
      nokogiri (>= 1.8.5)
      racc
      rack (>= 2.2.4)
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ GEM
      rack-test (>= 0.6.3)
      rails-dom-testing (~> 2.2)
      rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.6)
-    actionview (7.1.3.4)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.3.4)
+    actionview (7.1.2)
+      activesupport (= 7.1.2)
      builder (~> 3.1)
      erubi (~> 1.11)
      rails-dom-testing (~> 2.2)
      rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.6)
-    activesupport (7.1.3.4)
+    activesupport (7.1.2)
      base64
      bigdecimal
      concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
@@ -44,55 +44,54 @@ GEM
      tzinfo (~> 2.0)
    ast (2.4.2)
    base64 (0.2.0)
-    bcrypt_pbkdf (1.1.1)
-    bcrypt_pbkdf (1.1.1-arm64-darwin)
-    bcrypt_pbkdf (1.1.1-x86_64-darwin)
-    bigdecimal (3.1.8)
-    builder (3.3.0)
-    concurrent-ruby (1.3.3)
+    bcrypt_pbkdf (1.1.0)
+    bigdecimal (3.1.5)
+    builder (3.2.4)
+    concurrent-ruby (1.2.2)
    connection_pool (2.4.1)
    crass (1.0.6)
-    debug (1.9.2)
+    debug (1.9.1)
      irb (~> 1.10)
      reline (>= 0.3.8)
-    dotenv (3.1.2)
-    drb (2.2.1)
+    dotenv (2.8.1)
+    drb (2.2.0)
+      ruby2_keywords
    ed25519 (1.3.0)
-    erubi (1.13.0)
-    i18n (1.14.5)
+    erubi (1.12.0)
+    i18n (1.14.1)
      concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
-    io-console (0.7.2)
-    irb (1.14.0)
-      rdoc (>= 4.0.0)
-      reline (>= 0.4.2)
-    json (2.7.2)
+    io-console (0.7.1)
+    irb (1.11.0)
+      rdoc
+      reline (>= 0.3.8)
+    json (2.7.1)
    language_server-protocol (3.17.0.3)
    loofah (2.22.0)
      crass (~> 1.0.2)
      nokogiri (>= 1.12.0)
-    minitest (5.24.1)
-    mocha (2.4.5)
+    minitest (5.20.0)
+    mocha (2.1.0)
      ruby2_keywords (>= 0.0.5)
    mutex_m (0.2.0)
    net-scp (4.0.0)
      net-ssh (>= 2.6.5, < 8.0.0)
    net-sftp (4.0.0)
      net-ssh (>= 5.0.0, < 8.0.0)
-    net-ssh (7.2.3)
-    nokogiri (1.16.7-arm64-darwin)
+    net-ssh (7.2.1)
+    nokogiri (1.18.8-arm64-darwin)
      racc (~> 1.4)
-    nokogiri (1.16.7-x86_64-darwin)
+    nokogiri (1.18.8-x86_64-darwin)
      racc (~> 1.4)
-    nokogiri (1.16.7-x86_64-linux)
+    nokogiri (1.18.8-x86_64-linux-gnu)
      racc (~> 1.4)
-    parallel (1.25.1)
-    parser (3.3.4.0)
+    parallel (1.24.0)
+    parser (3.3.0.5)
      ast (~> 2.4.1)
      racc
    psych (5.1.2)
      stringio
-    racc (1.8.1)
-    rack (3.1.7)
+    racc (1.7.3)
+    rack (3.0.8)
    rack-session (2.0.0)
      rack (>= 3.0.0)
    rack-test (2.1.0)
@@ -107,43 +106,42 @@ GEM
    rails-html-sanitizer (1.6.0)
      loofah (~> 2.21)
      nokogiri (~> 1.14)
-    railties (7.1.3.4)
-      actionpack (= 7.1.3.4)
-      activesupport (= 7.1.3.4)
+    railties (7.1.2)
+      actionpack (= 7.1.2)
+      activesupport (= 7.1.2)
      irb
      rackup (>= 1.0.0)
      rake (>= 12.2)
      thor (~> 1.0, >= 1.2.2)
      zeitwerk (~> 2.6)
    rainbow (3.1.1)
-    rake (13.2.1)
-    rdoc (6.7.0)
+    rake (13.1.0)
+    rdoc (6.6.2)
      psych (>= 4.0.0)
-    regexp_parser (2.9.2)
-    reline (0.5.9)
+    regexp_parser (2.9.0)
+    reline (0.4.2)
      io-console (~> 0.5)
-    rexml (3.3.4)
-      strscan
-    rubocop (1.65.1)
+    rexml (3.2.6)
+    rubocop (1.62.1)
      json (~> 2.3)
      language_server-protocol (>= 3.17.0)
      parallel (~> 1.10)
      parser (>= 3.3.0.2)
      rainbow (>= 2.2.2, < 4.0)
-      regexp_parser (>= 2.4, < 3.0)
+      regexp_parser (>= 1.8, < 3.0)
      rexml (>= 3.2.5, < 4.0)
      rubocop-ast (>= 1.31.1, < 2.0)
      ruby-progressbar (~> 1.7)
      unicode-display_width (>= 2.4.0, < 3.0)
-    rubocop-ast (1.32.0)
-      parser (>= 3.3.1.0)
-    rubocop-minitest (0.35.1)
+    rubocop-ast (1.31.2)
+      parser (>= 3.3.0.4)
+    rubocop-minitest (0.35.0)
      rubocop (>= 1.61, < 2.0)
      rubocop-ast (>= 1.31.1, < 2.0)
-    rubocop-performance (1.21.1)
+    rubocop-performance (1.20.2)
      rubocop (>= 1.48.1, < 2.0)
-      rubocop-ast (>= 1.31.1, < 2.0)
-    rubocop-rails (2.25.1)
+      rubocop-ast (>= 1.30.0, < 2.0)
+    rubocop-rails (2.24.0)
      activesupport (>= 4.2.0)
      rack (>= 1.1)
      rubocop (>= 1.33.0, < 2.0)
@@ -160,14 +158,13 @@ GEM
      net-scp (>= 1.1.2)
      net-sftp (>= 2.1.2)
      net-ssh (>= 2.8.0)
-    stringio (3.1.1)
-    strscan (3.1.0)
-    thor (1.3.1)
+    stringio (3.1.0)
+    thor (1.3.0)
    tzinfo (2.0.6)
      concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
    unicode-display_width (2.5.0)
    webrick (1.8.1)
-    zeitwerk (2.6.17)
+    zeitwerk (2.6.12)

 PLATFORMS
  arm64-darwin
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Kamal: Deploy web apps anywhere

-From bare metal to cloud VMs, deploy web apps anywhere with zero downtime. Kamal uses [kamal-proxy](https://github.com/basecamp/kamal-proxy) to seamlessly switch requests between containers. Works seamlessly across multiple servers, using SSHKit to execute commands. Originally built for Rails apps, Kamal will work with any type of web app that can be containerized with Docker.
+From bare metal to cloud VMs, deploy web apps anywhere with zero downtime. Kamal has the dynamic reverse-proxy Traefik hold requests while a new app container is started and the old one is stopped. Works seamlessly across multiple hosts, using SSHKit to execute commands. Originally built for Rails apps, Kamal will work with any type of web app that can be containerized with Docker.

 ➡️ See [kamal-deploy.org](https://kamal-deploy.org) for documentation on [installation](https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/installation), [configuration](https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/configuration), and [commands](https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/commands).

--- a/bin/docs
+++ b/bin/docs
@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@ end

 DOCS = {
  "accessory" => "Accessories",
-  "alias" => "Aliases",
  "boot" => "Booting",
  "builder" => "Builders",
  "configuration" => "Configuration overview",
  "env" => "Environment variables",
+  "healthcheck" => "Healthchecks",
  "logging" => "Logging",
-  "proxy" => "Proxy",
  "registry" => "Docker Registry",
  "role" => "Roles",
  "servers" => "Servers",
  "ssh" => "SSH",
-  "sshkit" => "SSHKit"
+  "sshkit" => "SSHKit",
+  "traefik" => "Traefik"
 }

 class DocWriter
@@ -67,27 +67,26 @@ class DocWriter
            output.puts
            place = :new_section
          elsif line =~ /^ *#/
-            generate_line(line, heading: place == :new_section)
+            generate_line(line, place: place)
            place = :in_section
          else
            output.puts "```yaml"
-            output.puts line
+            output.print line
            place = :in_yaml
          end
-        when :in_yaml, :in_empty_line_yaml
+        when :in_yaml
          if line =~ /^ *#/
            output.puts "```"
-            generate_line(line, heading: place == :in_empty_line_yaml)
+            generate_line(line, place: :new_section)
            place = :in_section
-          elsif line.empty?
-            place = :in_empty_line_yaml
          else
-            output.puts line
+            output.puts
+            output.print line
          end
        end
      end

-      output.puts "```" if place == :in_yaml
+      output.puts "\n```" if place == :in_yaml
    end

    def generate_header
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ class DocWriter
      output.puts
    end

-    def generate_line(line, heading: false)
+    def generate_line(line, place: :in_section)
      line = line.gsub(/^ *#\s?/, "")

      if line =~ /(.*)kamal docs ([a-z]*)(.*)/
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ class DocWriter
        line = "#{$1}[#{titlify($2.split("/").last)}](#{$2})#{$3}"
      end

-      if heading
+      if place == :new_section
        output.puts "## [#{line}](##{linkify(line)})"
      else
        output.puts line
--- a/kamal.gemspec
+++ b/kamal.gemspec
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
  spec.add_dependency "activesupport", ">= 7.0"
  spec.add_dependency "sshkit", ">= 1.23.0", "< 2.0"
  spec.add_dependency "net-ssh", "~> 7.0"
-  spec.add_dependency "thor", "~> 1.3"
-  spec.add_dependency "dotenv", "~> 3.1"
+  spec.add_dependency "thor", "~> 1.2"
+  spec.add_dependency "dotenv", "~> 2.8"
  spec.add_dependency "zeitwerk", "~> 2.5"
  spec.add_dependency "ed25519", "~> 1.2"
  spec.add_dependency "bcrypt_pbkdf", "~> 1.0"
--- a/lib/kamal.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@ end
 require "active_support"
 require "zeitwerk"
 require "yaml"
-require "tmpdir"
-require "pathname"

 loader = Zeitwerk::Loader.for_gem
 loader.ignore(File.join(__dir__, "kamal", "sshkit_with_ext.rb"))
 loader.setup
-loader.eager_load_namespace(Kamal::Cli) # We need all commands loaded.
+loader.eager_load # We need all commands loaded.
--- a/lib/kamal/cli.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 module Kamal::Cli
-  class BootError < StandardError; end
  class HookError < StandardError; end
  class LockError < StandardError; end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/accessory.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/accessory.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
  desc "boot [NAME]", "Boot new accessory service on host (use NAME=all to boot all accessories)"
-  def boot(name, prepare: true)
+  def boot(name, login: true)
    with_lock do
      if name == "all"
        KAMAL.accessory_names.each { |accessory_name| boot(accessory_name) }
      else
-        prepare(name) if prepare
-
        with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
          directories(name)
          upload(name)

          on(hosts) do
+            execute *KAMAL.registry.login if login
            execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Booted #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
-            execute *accessory.ensure_env_directory
-            upload! accessory.secrets_io, accessory.secrets_path, mode: "0600"
            execute *accessory.run
          end
        end
@@ -58,10 +55,15 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
      if name == "all"
        KAMAL.accessory_names.each { |accessory_name| reboot(accessory_name) }
      else
-        prepare(name)
-        stop(name)
-        remove_container(name)
-        boot(name, prepare: false)
+        with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+          on(hosts) do
+            execute *KAMAL.registry.login
+          end
+
+          stop(name)
+          remove_container(name)
+          boot(name, login: false)
+        end
      end
    end
  end
@@ -93,8 +95,10 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
  desc "restart [NAME]", "Restart existing accessory container on host"
  def restart(name)
    with_lock do
-      stop(name)
-      start(name)
+      with_accessory(name) do
+        stop(name)
+        start(name)
+      end
    end
  end

@@ -218,19 +222,19 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
    end
  end

-  desc "upgrade", "Upgrade accessories from Kamal 1.x to 2.0 (restart them in 'kamal' network)"
+  desc "downgrade", "Downgrade accessories from Kamal 2 to 1.9"
  option :rolling, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Upgrade one host at a time"
  option :confirmed, aliases: "-y", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Proceed without confirmation question"
-  def upgrade(name)
+  def downgrade(name)
    confirming "This will restart all accessories" do
      with_lock do
        host_groups = options[:rolling] ? KAMAL.accessory_hosts : [ KAMAL.accessory_hosts ]
        host_groups.each do |hosts|
          host_list = Array(hosts).join(",")
          KAMAL.with_specific_hosts(hosts) do
-            say "Upgrading #{name} accessories on #{host_list}...", :magenta
+            say "Downgrading #{name} accessories on #{host_list}...", :magenta
            reboot name
-            say "Upgraded #{name} accessories on #{host_list}...", :magenta
+            say "Downgraded #{name} accessories on #{host_list}...", :magenta
          end
        end
      end
@@ -264,20 +268,11 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
    end

    def remove_accessory(name)
-      stop(name)
-      remove_container(name)
-      remove_image(name)
-      remove_service_directory(name)
-    end
-
-    def prepare(name)
-      with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
-        on(hosts) do
-          execute *KAMAL.registry.login
-          execute *KAMAL.docker.create_network
-        rescue SSHKit::Command::Failed => e
-          raise unless e.message.include?("already exists")
-        end
+      with_accessory(name) do
+        stop(name)
+        remove_container(name)
+        remove_image(name)
+        remove_service_directory(name)
      end
    end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/alias/command.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/alias/command.rb
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Cli::Alias::Command < Thor::DynamicCommand
-  def run(instance, args = [])
-    if (_alias = KAMAL.config.aliases[name])
-      Kamal::Cli::Main.start(Shellwords.split(_alias.command) + ARGV[1..-1])
-    else
-      super
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/app.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/app.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App < Kamal::Cli::Base
    with_lock do
      say "Get most recent version available as an image...", :magenta unless options[:version]
      using_version(version_or_latest) do |version|
-        say "Start container with version #{version} (or reboot if already running)...", :magenta
+        say "Start container with version #{version} using a #{KAMAL.config.readiness_delay}s readiness delay (or reboot if already running)...", :magenta

        # Assets are prepared in a separate step to ensure they are on all hosts before booting
        on(KAMAL.hosts) do
@@ -38,17 +38,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App < Kamal::Cli::Base
        roles = KAMAL.roles_on(host)

        roles.each do |role|
-          app = KAMAL.app(role: role, host: host)
          execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Started app version #{KAMAL.config.version}"), verbosity: :debug
-          execute *app.start, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
-
-          if role.running_proxy?
-            version = capture_with_info(*app.current_running_version, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip
-            endpoint = capture_with_info(*app.container_id_for_version(version)).strip
-            raise Kamal::Cli::BootError, "Failed to get endpoint for #{role} on #{host}, did the container boot?" if endpoint.empty?
-
-            execute *app.deploy(target: endpoint)
-          end
+          execute *KAMAL.app(role: role, host: host).start, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
        end
      end
    end
@@ -61,18 +52,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App < Kamal::Cli::Base
        roles = KAMAL.roles_on(host)

        roles.each do |role|
-          app = KAMAL.app(role: role, host: host)
          execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Stopped app", role: role), verbosity: :debug
-
-          if role.running_proxy?
-            version = capture_with_info(*app.current_running_version, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip
-            endpoint = capture_with_info(*app.container_id_for_version(version)).strip
-            if endpoint.present?
-              execute *app.remove(target: endpoint), raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
-            end
-          end
-
-          execute *app.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
+          execute *KAMAL.app(role: role, host: host).stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
        end
      end
    end
@@ -90,12 +71,11 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App < Kamal::Cli::Base
    end
  end

-  desc "exec [CMD...]", "Execute a custom command on servers within the app container (use --help to show options)"
+  desc "exec [CMD]", "Execute a custom command on servers within the app container (use --help to show options)"
  option :interactive, aliases: "-i", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Execute command over ssh for an interactive shell (use for console/bash)"
  option :reuse, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Reuse currently running container instead of starting a new one"
  option :env, aliases: "-e", type: :hash, desc: "Set environment variables for the command"
-  def exec(*cmd)
-    cmd = Kamal::Utils.join_commands(cmd)
+  def exec(cmd)
    env = options[:env]
    case
    when options[:interactive] && options[:reuse]
@@ -231,7 +211,6 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App < Kamal::Cli::Base
      stop
      remove_containers
      remove_images
-      remove_app_directory
    end
  end

@@ -273,20 +252,6 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App < Kamal::Cli::Base
    end
  end

-  desc "remove_app_directory", "Remove the service directory from servers", hide: true
-  def remove_app_directory
-    with_lock do
-      on(KAMAL.hosts) do |host|
-        roles = KAMAL.roles_on(host)
-
-        roles.each do |role|
-          execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Removed #{KAMAL.config.app_directory} on all servers", role: role), verbosity: :debug
-          execute *KAMAL.server.remove_app_directory, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
  desc "version", "Show app version currently running on servers"
  def version
    on(KAMAL.hosts) do |host|
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/app/boot.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/app/boot.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Kamal::Cli::App::Boot
  attr_reader :host, :role, :version, :barrier, :sshkit
-  delegate :execute, :capture_with_info, :capture_with_pretty_json, :info, :error, :upload!, to: :sshkit
-  delegate :assets?, :running_proxy?, to: :role
+  delegate :execute, :capture_with_info, :capture_with_pretty_json, :info, :error, to: :sshkit
+  delegate :uses_cord?, :assets?, :running_traefik?, to: :role

  def initialize(host, role, sshkit, version, barrier)
    @host = host
@@ -45,22 +45,11 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App::Boot

    def start_new_version
      audit "Booted app version #{version}"
+
+      execute *app.tie_cord(role.cord_host_file) if uses_cord?
      hostname = "#{host.to_s[0...51].gsub(/\.+$/, '')}-#{SecureRandom.hex(6)}"
-
-      execute *app.ensure_env_directory
-      upload! role.secrets_io(host), role.secrets_path, mode: "0600"
-
      execute *app.run(hostname: hostname)
-      if running_proxy?
-        endpoint = capture_with_info(*app.container_id_for_version(version)).strip
-        raise Kamal::Cli::BootError, "Failed to get endpoint for #{role} on #{host}, did the container boot?" if endpoint.empty?
-        execute *app.deploy(target: endpoint)
-      else
-        Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller.wait_for_healthy(pause_after_ready: true) { capture_with_info(*app.status(version: version)) }
-      end
-    rescue => e
-      error "Failed to boot #{role} on #{host}"
-      raise e
+      Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller.wait_for_healthy(pause_after_ready: true) { capture_with_info(*app.status(version: version)) }
    end

    def stop_new_version
@@ -68,7 +57,16 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App::Boot
    end

    def stop_old_version(version)
+      if uses_cord?
+        cord = capture_with_info(*app.cord(version: version), raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip
+        if cord.present?
+          execute *app.cut_cord(cord)
+          Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller.wait_for_unhealthy(pause_after_ready: true) { capture_with_info(*app.status(version: version)) }
+        end
+      end
+
      execute *app.stop(version: version), raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
+
      execute *app.clean_up_assets if assets?
    end

@@ -90,12 +88,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App::Boot
    def close_barrier
      if barrier.close
        info "First #{KAMAL.primary_role} container is unhealthy on #{host}, not booting any other roles"
-        begin
-          error capture_with_info(*app.logs(version: version))
-          error capture_with_info(*app.container_health_log(version: version))
-        rescue SSHKit::Command::Failed
-          error "Could not fetch logs for #{version}"
-        end
+        error capture_with_info(*app.logs(version: version))
+        error capture_with_info(*app.container_health_log(version: version))
      end
    end

--- a/lib/kamal/cli/base.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/base.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 require "thor"
+require "dotenv"
 require "kamal/sshkit_with_ext"

 module Kamal::Cli
  class Base < Thor
    include SSHKit::DSL

-    def self.exit_on_failure?() false end
-    def self.dynamic_command_class() Kamal::Cli::Alias::Command end
+    def self.exit_on_failure?() true end

    class_option :verbose, type: :boolean, aliases: "-v", desc: "Detailed logging"
    class_option :quiet, type: :boolean, aliases: "-q", desc: "Minimal logging"
@@ -22,23 +22,55 @@ module Kamal::Cli

    class_option :skip_hooks, aliases: "-H", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Don't run hooks"

-    def initialize(args = [], local_options = {}, config = {})
-      if config[:current_command].is_a?(Kamal::Cli::Alias::Command)
-        # When Thor generates a dynamic command, it doesn't attempt to parse the arguments.
-        # For our purposes, it means the arguments are passed in args rather than local_options.
-        super([], args, config)
-      else
-        super
-      end
-      initialize_commander unless KAMAL.configured?
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+      @original_env = ENV.to_h.dup
+      load_env
+      initialize_commander(options_with_subcommand_class_options)
    end

    private
+      def reload_env
+        reset_env
+        load_env
+      end
+
+      def load_env
+        if destination = options[:destination]
+          Dotenv.overload(".env", ".env.#{destination}")
+        else
+          Dotenv.overload(".env")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def reset_env
+        replace_env @original_env
+      end
+
+      def replace_env(env)
+        ENV.clear
+        ENV.update(env)
+      end
+
+      def with_original_env
+        keeping_current_env do
+          reset_env
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def keeping_current_env
+        current_env = ENV.to_h.dup
+        yield
+      ensure
+        replace_env(current_env)
+      end
+
      def options_with_subcommand_class_options
        options.merge(@_initializer.last[:class_options] || {})
      end

-      def initialize_commander
+      def initialize_commander(options)
        KAMAL.tap do |commander|
          if options[:verbose]
            ENV["VERBOSE"] = "1" # For backtraces via cli/start
@@ -73,6 +105,8 @@ module Kamal::Cli
        if KAMAL.holding_lock?
          yield
        else
+          ensure_run_and_locks_directory
+
          acquire_lock

          begin
@@ -101,8 +135,6 @@ module Kamal::Cli
      end

      def acquire_lock
-        ensure_run_directory
-
        raise_if_locked do
          say "Acquiring the deploy lock...", :magenta
          on(KAMAL.primary_host) { execute *KAMAL.lock.acquire("Automatic deploy lock", KAMAL.config.version), verbosity: :debug }
@@ -178,10 +210,14 @@ module Kamal::Cli
        instance_variable_get("@_invocations")[cli_class].pop
      end

-      def ensure_run_directory
+      def ensure_run_and_locks_directory
        on(KAMAL.hosts) do
          execute(*KAMAL.server.ensure_run_directory)
        end
+
+        on(KAMAL.primary_host) do
+          execute(*KAMAL.lock.ensure_locks_directory)
+        end
      end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/build.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/build.rb
@@ -30,28 +30,29 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Build < Kamal::Cli::Base
      say "Building with uncommitted changes:\n #{uncommitted_changes}", :yellow
    end

+    # Get the command here to ensure the Dir.chdir doesn't interfere with it
+    push = KAMAL.builder.push
+
    run_locally do
      begin
-        execute *KAMAL.builder.inspect_builder
+        context_hosts = capture_with_info(*KAMAL.builder.context_hosts).split("\n")
+
+        if context_hosts != KAMAL.builder.config_context_hosts
+          warn "Context hosts have changed, so re-creating builder, was: #{context_hosts.join(", ")}], now: #{KAMAL.builder.config_context_hosts.join(", ")}"
+          cli.remove
+          cli.create
+        end
      rescue SSHKit::Command::Failed => e
-        if e.message =~ /(context not found|no builder|no compatible builder|does not exist)/
+        if e.message =~ /(context not found|no builder|does not exist)/
          warn "Missing compatible builder, so creating a new one first"
-          begin
-            cli.remove
-          rescue SSHKit::Command::Failed
-            raise unless e.message =~ /(context not found|no builder|does not exist)/
-          end
          cli.create
        else
          raise
        end
      end

-      # Get the command here to ensure the Dir.chdir doesn't interfere with it
-      push = KAMAL.builder.push
-
      KAMAL.with_verbosity(:debug) do
-        Dir.chdir(KAMAL.config.builder.build_directory) { execute *push, env: KAMAL.config.builder.secrets }
+        Dir.chdir(KAMAL.config.builder.build_directory) { execute *push }
      end
    end
  end
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Build < Kamal::Cli::Base

  desc "create", "Create a build setup"
  def create
-    if (remote_host = KAMAL.config.builder.remote)
+    if (remote_host = KAMAL.config.builder.remote_host)
      connect_to_remote_host(remote_host)
    end

--- a/lib/kamal/cli/env.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/env.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require "tempfile"
+
+class Kamal::Cli::Env < Kamal::Cli::Base
+  desc "push", "Push the env file to the remote hosts"
+  def push
+    with_lock do
+      on(KAMAL.hosts) do
+        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Pushed env files"), verbosity: :debug
+
+        KAMAL.roles_on(host).each do |role|
+          execute *KAMAL.app(role: role, host: host).make_env_directory
+          upload! role.env(host).secrets_io, role.env(host).secrets_file, mode: 400
+        end
+      end
+
+      on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do
+        execute *KAMAL.traefik.make_env_directory
+        upload! KAMAL.traefik.env.secrets_io, KAMAL.traefik.env.secrets_file, mode: 400
+      end
+
+      on(KAMAL.accessory_hosts) do
+        KAMAL.accessories_on(host).each do |accessory|
+          accessory_config = KAMAL.config.accessory(accessory)
+          execute *KAMAL.accessory(accessory).make_env_directory
+          upload! accessory_config.env.secrets_io, accessory_config.env.secrets_file, mode: 400
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "delete", "Delete the env file from the remote hosts"
+  def delete
+    with_lock do
+      on(KAMAL.hosts) do
+        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Deleted env files"), verbosity: :debug
+
+        KAMAL.roles_on(host).each do |role|
+          execute *KAMAL.app(role: role, host: host).remove_env_file
+        end
+      end
+
+      on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do
+        execute *KAMAL.traefik.remove_env_file
+      end
+
+      on(KAMAL.accessory_hosts) do
+        KAMAL.accessories_on(host).each do |accessory|
+          accessory_config = KAMAL.config.accessory(accessory)
+          execute *KAMAL.accessory(accessory).remove_env_file
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/healthcheck/barrier.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/healthcheck/barrier.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require "concurrent/ivar"
-
 class Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Barrier
  def initialize
    @ivar = Concurrent::IVar.new
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/healthcheck/poller.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/healthcheck/poller.rb
@@ -1,30 +1,26 @@
 module Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller
  extend self

-  def wait_for_healthy(role, &block)
+  TRAEFIK_UPDATE_DELAY = 5
+
+
+  def wait_for_healthy(pause_after_ready: false, &block)
    attempt = 1
-    timeout_at = Time.now + KAMAL.config.deploy_timeout
-    readiness_delay = KAMAL.config.readiness_delay
+    max_attempts = KAMAL.config.healthcheck.max_attempts

    begin
-      status = block.call
-
-      if status == "running"
-        # Wait for the readiness delay and confirm it is still running
-        if readiness_delay > 0
-          info "Container is running, waiting for readiness delay of #{readiness_delay} seconds"
-          sleep readiness_delay
-          status = block.call
-        end
-      end
-
-      unless %w[ running healthy ].include?(status)
-        raise Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Error, "container not ready after #{KAMAL.config.deploy_timeout} seconds (#{status})"
+      case status = block.call
+      when "healthy"
+        sleep TRAEFIK_UPDATE_DELAY if pause_after_ready
+      when "running" # No health check configured
+        sleep KAMAL.config.readiness_delay if pause_after_ready
+      else
+        raise Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Error, "container not ready (#{status})"
      end
    rescue Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Error => e
-      time_left = timeout_at - Time.now
-      if time_left > 0
-        sleep [ attempt, time_left ].min
+      if attempt <= max_attempts
+        info "#{e.message}, retrying in #{attempt}s (attempt #{attempt}/#{max_attempts})..."
+        sleep attempt
        attempt += 1
        retry
      else
@@ -35,6 +31,31 @@ module Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller
    info "Container is healthy!"
  end

+  def wait_for_unhealthy(pause_after_ready: false, &block)
+    attempt = 1
+    max_attempts = KAMAL.config.healthcheck.max_attempts
+
+    begin
+      case status = block.call
+      when "unhealthy"
+        sleep TRAEFIK_UPDATE_DELAY if pause_after_ready
+      else
+        raise Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Error, "container not unhealthy (#{status})"
+      end
+    rescue Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Error => e
+      if attempt <= max_attempts
+        info "#{e.message}, retrying in #{attempt}s (attempt #{attempt}/#{max_attempts})..."
+        sleep attempt
+        attempt += 1
+        retry
+      else
+        raise
+      end
+    end
+
+    info "Container is unhealthy!"
+  end
+
  private
    def info(message)
      SSHKit.config.output.info(message)
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/lock.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/lock.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Lock < Kamal::Cli::Base
  def status
    handle_missing_lock do
      on(KAMAL.primary_host) do
+        execute *KAMAL.server.ensure_run_directory
        puts capture_with_debug(*KAMAL.lock.status)
      end
    end
@@ -12,10 +13,9 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Lock < Kamal::Cli::Base
  option :message, aliases: "-m", type: :string, desc: "A lock message", required: true
  def acquire
    message = options[:message]
-    ensure_run_directory
-
    raise_if_locked do
      on(KAMAL.primary_host) do
+        execute *KAMAL.server.ensure_run_directory
        execute *KAMAL.lock.acquire(message, KAMAL.config.version), verbosity: :debug
      end
      say "Acquired the deploy lock"
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Lock < Kamal::Cli::Base
  def release
    handle_missing_lock do
      on(KAMAL.primary_host) do
+        execute *KAMAL.server.ensure_run_directory
        execute *KAMAL.lock.release, verbosity: :debug
      end
      say "Released the deploy lock"
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/main.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/main.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
        say "Ensure Docker is installed...", :magenta
        invoke "kamal:cli:server:bootstrap", [], invoke_options

+        say "Evaluate and push env files...", :magenta
+        invoke "kamal:cli:main:envify", [], invoke_options
+        invoke "kamal:cli:env:push", [], invoke_options
+
        invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:boot", [ "all" ], invoke_options
        deploy
      end
@@ -33,10 +37,10 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
      end

      with_lock do
-        run_hook "pre-deploy", secrets: true
+        run_hook "pre-deploy"

-        say "Ensure kamal-proxy is running...", :magenta
-        invoke "kamal:cli:proxy:boot", [], invoke_options
+        say "Ensure Traefik is running...", :magenta
+        invoke "kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options

        say "Detect stale containers...", :magenta
        invoke "kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true)
@@ -48,10 +52,10 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
      end
    end

-    run_hook "post-deploy", secrets: true, runtime: runtime.round
+    run_hook "post-deploy", runtime: runtime.round
  end

-  desc "redeploy", "Deploy app to servers without bootstrapping servers, starting kamal-proxy, pruning, and registry login"
+  desc "redeploy", "Deploy app to servers without bootstrapping servers, starting Traefik, pruning, and registry login"
  option :skip_push, aliases: "-P", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Skip image build and push"
  def redeploy
    runtime = print_runtime do
@@ -66,7 +70,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
      end

      with_lock do
-        run_hook "pre-deploy", secrets: true
+        run_hook "pre-deploy"

        say "Detect stale containers...", :magenta
        invoke "kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true)
@@ -75,7 +79,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
      end
    end

-    run_hook "post-deploy", secrets: true, runtime: runtime.round
+    run_hook "post-deploy", runtime: runtime.round
  end

  desc "rollback [VERSION]", "Rollback app to VERSION"
@@ -89,7 +93,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
        old_version = nil

        if container_available?(version)
-          run_hook "pre-deploy", secrets: true
+          run_hook "pre-deploy"

          invoke "kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options.merge(version: version)
          rolled_back = true
@@ -99,12 +103,12 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
      end
    end

-    run_hook "post-deploy", secrets: true, runtime: runtime.round if rolled_back
+    run_hook "post-deploy", runtime: runtime.round if rolled_back
  end

  desc "details", "Show details about all containers"
  def details
-    invoke "kamal:cli:proxy:details"
+    invoke "kamal:cli:traefik:details"
    invoke "kamal:cli:app:details"
    invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:details", [ "all" ]
  end
@@ -123,7 +127,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
    end
  end

-  desc "docs [SECTION]", "Show Kamal configuration documentation"
+  desc "docs", "Show Kamal documentation for configuration setting"
  def docs(section = nil)
    case section
    when NilClass
@@ -148,10 +152,9 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
      puts "Created configuration file in config/deploy.yml"
    end

-    unless (secrets_file = Pathname.new(File.expand_path(".kamal/secrets"))).exist?
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p secrets_file.dirname
-      FileUtils.cp_r Pathname.new(File.expand_path("templates/secrets", __dir__)), secrets_file
-      puts "Created .kamal/secrets file"
+    unless (deploy_file = Pathname.new(File.expand_path(".env"))).exist?
+      FileUtils.cp_r Pathname.new(File.expand_path("templates/template.env", __dir__)), deploy_file
+      puts "Created .env file"
    end

    unless (hooks_dir = Pathname.new(File.expand_path(".kamal/hooks"))).exist?
@@ -176,45 +179,70 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
    end
  end

-  desc "remove", "Remove kamal-proxy, app, accessories, and registry session from servers"
+  desc "envify", "Create .env by evaluating .env.erb (or .env.staging.erb -> .env.staging when using -d staging)"
+  option :skip_push, aliases: "-P", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Skip .env file push"
+  def envify
+    if destination = options[:destination]
+      env_template_path = ".env.#{destination}.erb"
+      env_path          = ".env.#{destination}"
+    else
+      env_template_path = ".env.erb"
+      env_path          = ".env"
+    end
+
+    if Pathname.new(File.expand_path(env_template_path)).exist?
+      # Ensure existing env doesn't pollute template evaluation
+      content = with_original_env { ERB.new(File.read(env_template_path), trim_mode: "-").result }
+      File.write(env_path, content, perm: 0600)
+
+      unless options[:skip_push]
+        reload_env
+        invoke "kamal:cli:env:push", options
+      end
+    else
+      puts "Skipping envify (no #{env_template_path} exist)"
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "remove", "Remove Traefik, app, accessories, and registry session from servers"
  option :confirmed, aliases: "-y", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Proceed without confirmation question"
  def remove
    confirming "This will remove all containers and images. Are you sure?" do
      with_lock do
+        invoke "kamal:cli:traefik:remove", [], options.without(:confirmed)
        invoke "kamal:cli:app:remove", [], options.without(:confirmed)
-        invoke "kamal:cli:proxy:remove", [], options.without(:confirmed)
        invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:remove", [ "all" ], options
        invoke "kamal:cli:registry:logout", [], options.without(:confirmed).merge(skip_local: true)
      end
    end
  end

-  desc "upgrade", "Upgrade from Kamal 1.x to 2.0"
+  desc "downgrade", "Downgrade from Kamal 2 to 1.9"
  option :confirmed, aliases: "-y", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Proceed without confirmation question"
-  option :rolling, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Upgrade one host at a time"
-  def upgrade
+  option :rolling, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Downgrade one host at a time"
+  def downgrade
    confirming "This will replace Traefik with kamal-proxy and restart all accessories" do
      with_lock do
        if options[:rolling]
          (KAMAL.hosts | KAMAL.accessory_hosts).each do |host|
            KAMAL.with_specific_hosts(host) do
-              say "Upgrading #{host}...", :magenta
+              say "Downgrading #{host}...", :magenta
              if KAMAL.hosts.include?(host)
-                invoke "kamal:cli:proxy:upgrade", [], options.merge(confirmed: true, rolling: false)
-                reset_invocation(Kamal::Cli::Proxy)
+                invoke "kamal:cli:traefik:downgrade", [], options.merge(confirmed: true, rolling: false)
+                reset_invocation(Kamal::Cli::Traefik)
              end
              if KAMAL.accessory_hosts.include?(host)
-                invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:upgrade", [ "all" ], options.merge(confirmed: true, rolling: false)
+                invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:downgrade", [ "all" ], options.merge(confirmed: true, rolling: false)
                reset_invocation(Kamal::Cli::Accessory)
              end
-              say "Upgraded #{host}", :magenta
+              say "Downgraded #{host}", :magenta
            end
          end
        else
-          say "Upgrading all hosts...", :magenta
-          invoke "kamal:cli:proxy:upgrade", [], options.merge(confirmed: true)
-          invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:upgrade", [ "all" ], options.merge(confirmed: true)
-          say "Upgraded all hosts", :magenta
+          say "Downgrading all hosts...", :magenta
+          invoke "kamal:cli:traefik:downgrade", [], options.merge(confirmed: true)
+          invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:downgrade", [ "all" ], options.merge(confirmed: true)
+          say "Downgraded all hosts", :magenta
        end
      end
    end
@@ -234,24 +262,24 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
  desc "build", "Build application image"
  subcommand "build", Kamal::Cli::Build

+  desc "env", "Manage environment files"
+  subcommand "env", Kamal::Cli::Env
+
  desc "lock", "Manage the deploy lock"
  subcommand "lock", Kamal::Cli::Lock

-  desc "proxy", "Manage kamal-proxy"
-  subcommand "proxy", Kamal::Cli::Proxy
-
  desc "prune", "Prune old application images and containers"
  subcommand "prune", Kamal::Cli::Prune

  desc "registry", "Login and -out of the image registry"
  subcommand "registry", Kamal::Cli::Registry

-  desc "secrets", "Helpers for extracting secrets"
-  subcommand "secrets", Kamal::Cli::Secrets
-
  desc "server", "Bootstrap servers with curl and Docker"
  subcommand "server", Kamal::Cli::Server

+  desc "traefik", "Manage Traefik load balancer"
+  subcommand "traefik", Kamal::Cli::Traefik
+
  private
    def container_available?(version)
      begin
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/proxy.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/proxy.rb
@@ -1,224 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Cli::Proxy < Kamal::Cli::Base
-  desc "boot", "Boot proxy on servers"
-  def boot
-    with_lock do
-      on(KAMAL.hosts) do |host|
-        execute *KAMAL.docker.create_network
-      rescue SSHKit::Command::Failed => e
-        raise unless e.message.include?("already exists")
-      end
-
-      on(KAMAL.proxy_hosts) do |host|
-        execute *KAMAL.registry.login
-
-        version = capture_with_info(*KAMAL.proxy.version).strip.presence
-
-        if version && Kamal::Utils.older_version?(version, Kamal::Configuration::PROXY_MINIMUM_VERSION)
-          raise "kamal-proxy version #{version} is too old, please reboot to update to at least #{Kamal::Configuration::PROXY_MINIMUM_VERSION}"
-        end
-        execute *KAMAL.proxy.start_or_run
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "reboot", "Reboot proxy on servers (stop container, remove container, start new container)"
-  option :rolling, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Reboot proxy on hosts in sequence, rather than in parallel"
-  option :confirmed, aliases: "-y", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Proceed without confirmation question"
-  def reboot
-    confirming "This will cause a brief outage on each host. Are you sure?" do
-      with_lock do
-        host_groups = options[:rolling] ? KAMAL.proxy_hosts : [ KAMAL.proxy_hosts ]
-        host_groups.each do |hosts|
-          host_list = Array(hosts).join(",")
-          run_hook "pre-proxy-reboot", hosts: host_list
-          on(hosts) do |host|
-            execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Rebooted proxy"), verbosity: :debug
-            execute *KAMAL.registry.login
-
-            "Stopping and removing Traefik on #{host}, if running..."
-            execute *KAMAL.proxy.cleanup_traefik
-
-            "Stopping and removing kamal-proxy on #{host}, if running..."
-            execute *KAMAL.proxy.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
-            execute *KAMAL.proxy.remove_container
-
-            execute *KAMAL.proxy.run
-
-            KAMAL.roles_on(host).select(&:running_proxy?).each do |role|
-              app = KAMAL.app(role: role, host: host)
-
-              version = capture_with_info(*app.current_running_version, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip
-              endpoint = capture_with_info(*app.container_id_for_version(version)).strip
-
-              if endpoint.present?
-                info "Deploying #{endpoint} for role `#{role}` on #{host}..."
-                execute *app.deploy(target: endpoint)
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          run_hook "post-proxy-reboot", hosts: host_list
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "upgrade", "Upgrade to kamal-proxy on servers (stop container, remove container, start new container, reboot app)", hide: true
-  option :rolling, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Reboot proxy on hosts in sequence, rather than in parallel"
-  option :confirmed, aliases: "-y", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Proceed without confirmation question"
-  def upgrade
-    invoke_options = { "version" => KAMAL.config.latest_tag }.merge(options)
-
-    confirming "This will cause a brief outage on each host. Are you sure?" do
-      host_groups = options[:rolling] ? KAMAL.hosts : [ KAMAL.hosts ]
-      host_groups.each do |hosts|
-        host_list = Array(hosts).join(",")
-        say "Upgrading proxy on #{host_list}...", :magenta
-        run_hook "pre-proxy-reboot", hosts: host_list
-        on(hosts) do |host|
-          execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Rebooted proxy"), verbosity: :debug
-          execute *KAMAL.registry.login
-
-          "Stopping and removing Traefik on #{host}, if running..."
-          execute *KAMAL.proxy.cleanup_traefik
-
-          "Stopping and removing kamal-proxy on #{host}, if running..."
-          execute *KAMAL.proxy.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
-          execute *KAMAL.proxy.remove_container
-          execute *KAMAL.proxy.remove_image
-        end
-
-        KAMAL.with_specific_hosts(hosts) do
-          invoke "kamal:cli:proxy:boot", [], invoke_options
-          reset_invocation(Kamal::Cli::Proxy)
-          invoke "kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options
-          reset_invocation(Kamal::Cli::App)
-          invoke "kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options
-          reset_invocation(Kamal::Cli::Prune)
-        end
-
-        run_hook "post-proxy-reboot", hosts: host_list
-        say "Upgraded proxy on #{host_list}", :magenta
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "start", "Start existing proxy container on servers"
-  def start
-    with_lock do
-      on(KAMAL.proxy_hosts) do |host|
-        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Started proxy"), verbosity: :debug
-        execute *KAMAL.proxy.start
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "stop", "Stop existing proxy container on servers"
-  def stop
-    with_lock do
-      on(KAMAL.proxy_hosts) do |host|
-        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Stopped proxy"), verbosity: :debug
-        execute *KAMAL.proxy.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "restart", "Restart existing proxy container on servers"
-  def restart
-    with_lock do
-      stop
-      start
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "details", "Show details about proxy container from servers"
-  def details
-    on(KAMAL.proxy_hosts) { |host| puts_by_host host, capture_with_info(*KAMAL.proxy.info), type: "Proxy" }
-  end
-
-  desc "logs", "Show log lines from proxy on servers"
-  option :since, aliases: "-s", desc: "Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37Z) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)"
-  option :lines, type: :numeric, aliases: "-n", desc: "Number of log lines to pull from each server"
-  option :grep, aliases: "-g", desc: "Show lines with grep match only (use this to fetch specific requests by id)"
-  option :follow, aliases: "-f", desc: "Follow logs on primary server (or specific host set by --hosts)"
-  def logs
-    grep = options[:grep]
-
-    if options[:follow]
-      run_locally do
-        info "Following logs on #{KAMAL.primary_host}..."
-        info KAMAL.proxy.follow_logs(host: KAMAL.primary_host, grep: grep)
-        exec KAMAL.proxy.follow_logs(host: KAMAL.primary_host, grep: grep)
-      end
-    else
-      since = options[:since]
-      lines = options[:lines].presence || ((since || grep) ? nil : 100) # Default to 100 lines if since or grep isn't set
-
-      on(KAMAL.proxy_hosts) do |host|
-        puts_by_host host, capture(*KAMAL.proxy.logs(since: since, lines: lines, grep: grep)), type: "Proxy"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "remove", "Remove proxy container and image from servers"
-  option :force, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Force removing proxy when apps are still installed"
-  def remove
-    with_lock do
-      if removal_allowed?(options[:force])
-        stop
-        remove_container
-        remove_image
-        remove_host_directory
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "remove_container", "Remove proxy container from servers", hide: true
-  def remove_container
-    with_lock do
-      on(KAMAL.proxy_hosts) do
-        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Removed proxy container"), verbosity: :debug
-        execute *KAMAL.proxy.remove_container
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "remove_image", "Remove proxy image from servers", hide: true
-  def remove_image
-    with_lock do
-      on(KAMAL.proxy_hosts) do
-        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Removed proxy image"), verbosity: :debug
-        execute *KAMAL.proxy.remove_image
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  desc "remove_host_directory", "Remove proxy directory from servers", hide: true
-  def remove_host_directory
-    with_lock do
-      on(KAMAL.proxy_hosts) do
-        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Removed #{KAMAL.config.proxy_directory}"), verbosity: :debug
-        execute *KAMAL.proxy.remove_host_directory, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-    def removal_allowed?(force)
-      on(KAMAL.proxy_hosts) do |host|
-        app_count = capture_with_info(*KAMAL.server.app_directory_count).chomp.to_i
-        raise "The are other applications installed on #{host}" if app_count > 0
-      end
-
-      true
-    rescue SSHKit::Runner::ExecuteError => e
-      raise unless e.message.include?("The are other applications installed on")
-
-      if force
-        say "Forcing, so removing the proxy, even though other apps are installed", :magenta
-      else
-        say "Not removing the proxy, as other apps are installed, ignore this check with kamal proxy remove --force", :magenta
-      end
-
-      force
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/prune.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/prune.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Prune < Kamal::Cli::Base
      on(KAMAL.hosts) do
        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Pruned containers"), verbosity: :debug
        execute *KAMAL.prune.app_containers(retain: retain)
+        execute *KAMAL.prune.healthcheck_containers
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/secrets.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/secrets.rb
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Cli::Secrets < Kamal::Cli::Base
-  desc "fetch [SECRETS...]", "Fetch secrets from a vault"
-  option :adapter, type: :string, aliases: "-a", required: true, desc: "Which vault adapter to use"
-  option :account, type: :string, required: true, desc: "The account identifier or username"
-  option :from, type: :string, required: false, desc: "A vault or folder to fetch the secrets from"
-  option :inline, type: :boolean, required: false, hidden: true
-  def fetch(*secrets)
-    results = adapter(options[:adapter]).fetch(secrets, **options.slice(:account, :from).symbolize_keys)
-
-    return_or_puts JSON.dump(results).shellescape, inline: options[:inline]
-  end
-
-  desc "extract", "Extract a single secret from the results of a fetch call"
-  option :inline, type: :boolean, required: false, hidden: true
-  def extract(name, secrets)
-    parsed_secrets = JSON.parse(secrets)
-    value = parsed_secrets[name] || parsed_secrets.find { |k, v| k.end_with?("/#{name}") }&.last
-
-    raise "Could not find secret #{name}" if value.nil?
-
-    return_or_puts value, inline: options[:inline]
-  end
-
-  private
-    def adapter(adapter)
-      Kamal::Secrets::Adapters.lookup(adapter)
-    end
-
-    def return_or_puts(value, inline: nil)
-      if inline
-        value
-      else
-        puts value
-      end
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/server.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/server.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 class Kamal::Cli::Server < Kamal::Cli::Base
  desc "exec", "Run a custom command on the server (use --help to show options)"
  option :interactive, type: :boolean, aliases: "-i", default: false, desc: "Run the command interactively (use for console/bash)"
-  def exec(*cmd)
-    cmd = Kamal::Utils.join_commands(cmd)
+  def exec(cmd)
    hosts = KAMAL.hosts | KAMAL.accessory_hosts

    case
@@ -36,6 +35,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Server < Kamal::Cli::Base
            missing << host
          end
        end
+
+        execute(*KAMAL.server.ensure_run_directory)
      end

      if missing.any?
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/templates/deploy.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/templates/deploy.yml
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@ registry:
  password:
    - KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD

-# Configure builder setup.
-builder:
-  arch: amd64
-
 # Inject ENV variables into containers (secrets come from .env).
 # Remember to run `kamal env push` after making changes!
 # env:
@@ -34,6 +30,16 @@ builder:
 # ssh:
 #   user: app

+# Configure builder setup.
+# builder:
+#   args:
+#     RUBY_VERSION: 3.2.0
+#   secrets:
+#     - GITHUB_TOKEN
+#   remote:
+#     arch: amd64
+#     host: ssh://app@192.168.0.1
+
 # Use accessory services (secrets come from .env).
 # accessories:
 #   db:
@@ -57,6 +63,17 @@ builder:
 #     directories:
 #       - data:/data

+# Configure custom arguments for Traefik. Be sure to reboot traefik when you modify it.
+# traefik:
+#   args:
+#     accesslog: true
+#     accesslog.format: json
+
+# Configure a custom healthcheck (default is /up on port 3000)
+# healthcheck:
+#   path: /healthz
+#   port: 4000
+
 # Bridge fingerprinted assets, like JS and CSS, between versions to avoid
 # hitting 404 on in-flight requests. Combines all files from new and old
 # version inside the asset_path.
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/templates/sample_hooks/post-proxy-reboot.sample
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/templates/sample_hooks/post-proxy-reboot.sample
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-
-echo "Rebooted kamal-proxy on $KAMAL_HOSTS"
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/templates/sample_hooks/post-traefik-reboot.sample
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/templates/sample_hooks/post-traefik-reboot.sample
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+echo "Rebooted Traefik on $KAMAL_HOSTS"
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/templates/sample_hooks/pre-traefik-reboot.sample
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/templates/sample_hooks/pre-traefik-reboot.sample
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/templates/secrets
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/templates/secrets
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# WARNING: Avoid adding secrets directly to this file
-# If you must, then add `.kamal/secrets*` to your .gitignore file
-
-# Option 1: Read secrets from the environment
-KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=$KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD
-
-# Option 2: Read secrets via a command
-# RAILS_MASTER_KEY=$(cat config/master.key)
-
-# Option 3: Read secrets via kamal secrets helpers
-# These will handle logging in and fetching the secrets in as few calls as possible
-# There are adapters for 1Password, LastPass + Bitwarden
-#
-# SECRETS=$(kamal secrets fetch --adapter 1password --account my-account --from MyVault/MyItem KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD RAILS_MASTER_KEY)
-# KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=$(kamal secrets extract KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD $SECRETS)
-# RAILS_MASTER_KEY=$(kamal secrets extract RAILS_MASTER_KEY $SECRETS)
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/templates/template.env
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/templates/template.env
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=change-this
+RAILS_MASTER_KEY=another-env
--- a/lib/kamal/cli/traefik.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/cli/traefik.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+class Kamal::Cli::Traefik < Kamal::Cli::Base
+  desc "boot", "Boot Traefik on servers"
+  def boot
+    with_lock do
+      on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do
+        execute *KAMAL.registry.login
+        execute *KAMAL.traefik.start_or_run
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "reboot", "Reboot Traefik on servers (stop container, remove container, start new container)"
+  option :rolling, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Reboot traefik on hosts in sequence, rather than in parallel"
+  option :confirmed, aliases: "-y", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Proceed without confirmation question"
+  def reboot
+    confirming "This will cause a brief outage on each host. Are you sure?" do
+      with_lock do
+        host_groups = options[:rolling] ? KAMAL.traefik_hosts : [ KAMAL.traefik_hosts ]
+        host_groups.each do |hosts|
+          host_list = Array(hosts).join(",")
+          run_hook "pre-traefik-reboot", hosts: host_list
+          on(hosts) do
+            execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Rebooted traefik"), verbosity: :debug
+            execute *KAMAL.registry.login
+            execute *KAMAL.traefik.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
+            execute *KAMAL.traefik.remove_container
+            execute *KAMAL.traefik.run
+          end
+          run_hook "post-traefik-reboot", hosts: host_list
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "start", "Start existing Traefik container on servers"
+  def start
+    with_lock do
+      on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do
+        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Started traefik"), verbosity: :debug
+        execute *KAMAL.traefik.start
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "stop", "Stop existing Traefik container on servers"
+  def stop
+    with_lock do
+      on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do
+        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Stopped traefik"), verbosity: :debug
+        execute *KAMAL.traefik.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "restart", "Restart existing Traefik container on servers"
+  def restart
+    with_lock do
+      stop
+      start
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "details", "Show details about Traefik container from servers"
+  def details
+    on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) { |host| puts_by_host host, capture_with_info(*KAMAL.traefik.info), type: "Traefik" }
+  end
+
+  desc "logs", "Show log lines from Traefik on servers"
+  option :since, aliases: "-s", desc: "Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37Z) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)"
+  option :lines, type: :numeric, aliases: "-n", desc: "Number of log lines to pull from each server"
+  option :grep, aliases: "-g", desc: "Show lines with grep match only (use this to fetch specific requests by id)"
+  option :grep_options, aliases: "-o", desc: "Additional options supplied to grep"
+  option :follow, aliases: "-f", desc: "Follow logs on primary server (or specific host set by --hosts)"
+  def logs
+    grep = options[:grep]
+    grep_options = options[:grep_options]
+
+    if options[:follow]
+      run_locally do
+        info "Following logs on #{KAMAL.primary_host}..."
+        info KAMAL.traefik.follow_logs(host: KAMAL.primary_host, grep: grep, grep_options: grep_options)
+        exec KAMAL.traefik.follow_logs(host: KAMAL.primary_host, grep: grep, grep_options: grep_options)
+      end
+    else
+      since = options[:since]
+      lines = options[:lines].presence || ((since || grep) ? nil : 100) # Default to 100 lines if since or grep isn't set
+
+      on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do |host|
+        puts_by_host host, capture(*KAMAL.traefik.logs(since: since, lines: lines, grep: grep, grep_options: grep_options)), type: "Traefik"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "remove", "Remove Traefik container and image from servers"
+  def remove
+    with_lock do
+      stop
+      remove_container
+      remove_image
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "remove_container", "Remove Traefik container from servers", hide: true
+  def remove_container
+    with_lock do
+      on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do
+        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Removed traefik container"), verbosity: :debug
+        execute *KAMAL.traefik.remove_container
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "remove_image", "Remove Traefik image from servers", hide: true
+  def remove_image
+    with_lock do
+      on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do
+        execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Removed traefik image"), verbosity: :debug
+        execute *KAMAL.traefik.remove_image
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc "downgrade", "Downgrade to Traefik on servers (stop container, remove container, start new container, reboot app)"
+  option :rolling, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Reboot proxy on hosts in sequence, rather than in parallel"
+  option :confirmed, aliases: "-y", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Proceed without confirmation question"
+  def downgrade
+    invoke_options = { "version" => KAMAL.config.latest_tag }.merge(options)
+
+    confirming "This will cause a brief outage on each host. Are you sure?" do
+      host_groups = options[:rolling] ? KAMAL.hosts : [ KAMAL.hosts ]
+      host_groups.each do |hosts|
+        host_list = Array(hosts).join(",")
+        say "Downgrading to Traefik on #{host_list}...", :magenta
+        run_hook "pre-traefik-reboot", hosts: host_list
+        on(hosts) do |host|
+          execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Rebooted Traefik"), verbosity: :debug
+          execute *KAMAL.registry.login
+
+          "Stopping and removing kamal-proxy on #{host}, if running..."
+          execute *KAMAL.traefik.cleanup_kamal_proxy
+
+          "Stopping and removing Traefik on #{host}, if running..."
+          execute *KAMAL.traefik.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
+          execute *KAMAL.traefik.remove_container
+          execute *KAMAL.traefik.remove_image
+        end
+
+        KAMAL.with_specific_hosts(hosts) do
+          invoke "kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options
+          reset_invocation(Kamal::Cli::Traefik)
+          invoke "kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options
+          reset_invocation(Kamal::Cli::App)
+          invoke "kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options
+          reset_invocation(Kamal::Cli::Prune)
+        end
+
+        run_hook "post-traefik-reboot", hosts: host_list
+        say "Downgraded to Traefik on #{host_list}", :magenta
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/commander.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commander.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank"

 class Kamal::Commander
  attr_accessor :verbosity, :holding_lock, :connected
-  delegate :hosts, :roles, :primary_host, :primary_role, :roles_on, :proxy_hosts, :accessory_hosts, to: :specifics
+  delegate :hosts, :roles, :primary_host, :primary_role, :roles_on, :traefik_hosts, :accessory_hosts, to: :specifics

  def initialize
    self.verbosity = :info
@@ -24,19 +23,11 @@ class Kamal::Commander
    @config, @config_kwargs = nil, kwargs
  end

-  def configured?
-    @config || @config_kwargs
-  end
-
  attr_reader :specific_roles, :specific_hosts

  def specific_primary!
    @specifics = nil
-    if specific_roles.present?
-      self.specific_hosts = [ specific_roles.first.primary_host ]
-    else
-      self.specific_hosts = [ config.primary_host ]
-    end
+    self.specific_hosts = [ config.primary_host ]
  end

  def specific_roles=(role_names)
@@ -101,6 +92,10 @@ class Kamal::Commander
    @docker ||= Kamal::Commands::Docker.new(config)
  end

+  def healthcheck
+    @healthcheck ||= Kamal::Commands::Healthcheck.new(config)
+  end
+
  def hook
    @hook ||= Kamal::Commands::Hook.new(config)
  end
@@ -109,10 +104,6 @@ class Kamal::Commander
    @lock ||= Kamal::Commands::Lock.new(config)
  end

-  def proxy
-    @proxy ||= Kamal::Commands::Proxy.new(config)
-  end
-
  def prune
    @prune ||= Kamal::Commands::Prune.new(config)
  end
@@ -125,8 +116,8 @@ class Kamal::Commander
    @server ||= Kamal::Commands::Server.new(config)
  end

-  def alias(name)
-    config.aliases[name]
+  def traefik
+    @traefik ||= Kamal::Commands::Traefik.new(config)
  end


--- a/lib/kamal/commander/specifics.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commander/specifics.rb
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ class Kamal::Commander::Specifics
    roles.select { |role| role.hosts.include?(host.to_s) }
  end

-  def proxy_hosts
-    config.proxy_hosts & specified_hosts
+  def traefik_hosts
+    config.traefik_hosts & specified_hosts
  end

  def accessory_hosts
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/accessory.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/accessory.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 class Kamal::Commands::Accessory < Kamal::Commands::Base
  attr_reader :accessory_config
  delegate :service_name, :image, :hosts, :port, :files, :directories, :cmd,
-           :publish_args, :env_args, :volume_args, :label_args, :option_args,
-           :secrets_io, :secrets_path, :env_directory,
-           to: :accessory_config
+           :publish_args, :env_args, :volume_args, :label_args, :option_args, to: :accessory_config

  def initialize(config, name:)
    super(config)
@@ -15,7 +13,6 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Accessory < Kamal::Commands::Base
      "--name", service_name,
      "--detach",
      "--restart", "unless-stopped",
-      "--network", "kamal",
      *config.logging_args,
      *publish_args,
      *env_args,
@@ -64,7 +61,6 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Accessory < Kamal::Commands::Base
    docker :run,
      ("-it" if interactive),
      "--rm",
-      "--network", "kamal",
      *env_args,
      *volume_args,
      image,
@@ -102,8 +98,12 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Accessory < Kamal::Commands::Base
    docker :image, :rm, "--force", image
  end

-  def ensure_env_directory
-    make_directory env_directory
+  def make_env_directory
+    make_directory accessory_config.env.secrets_directory
+  end
+
+  def remove_env_file
+    [ :rm, "-f", accessory_config.env.secrets_file ]
  end

  private
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/app.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/app.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 class Kamal::Commands::App < Kamal::Commands::Base
-  include Assets, Containers, Execution, Images, Logging, Proxy
+  include Assets, Containers, Cord, Execution, Images, Logging

  ACTIVE_DOCKER_STATUSES = [ :running, :restarting ]

  attr_reader :role, :host

-  delegate :container_name, to: :role
-
  def initialize(config, role: nil, host: nil)
    super(config)
    @role = role
@@ -18,11 +16,11 @@ class Kamal::Commands::App < Kamal::Commands::Base
      "--detach",
      "--restart unless-stopped",
      "--name", container_name,
-      "--network", "kamal",
      *([ "--hostname", hostname ] if hostname),
      "-e", "KAMAL_CONTAINER_NAME=\"#{container_name}\"",
      "-e", "KAMAL_VERSION=\"#{config.version}\"",
      *role.env_args(host),
+      *role.health_check_args,
      *role.logging_args,
      *config.volume_args,
      *role.asset_volume_args,
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::App < Kamal::Commands::Base
  def stop(version: nil)
    pipe \
      version ? container_id_for_version(version) : current_running_container_id,
-      xargs(docker(:stop, *role.stop_args))
+      xargs(config.stop_wait_time ? docker(:stop, "-t", config.stop_wait_time) : docker(:stop))
  end

  def info
@@ -71,11 +69,21 @@ class Kamal::Commands::App < Kamal::Commands::Base
      extract_version_from_name
  end

-  def ensure_env_directory
-    make_directory role.env_directory
+
+  def make_env_directory
+    make_directory role.env(host).secrets_directory
  end

+  def remove_env_file
+    [ :rm, "-f", role.env(host).secrets_file ]
+  end
+
+
  private
+    def container_name(version = nil)
+      [ role.container_prefix, version || config.version ].compact.join("-")
+    end
+
    def latest_image_id
      docker :image, :ls, *argumentize("--filter", "reference=#{config.latest_image}"), "--format", "'{{.ID}}'"
    end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/app/assets.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/app/assets.rb
@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@ module Kamal::Commands::App::Assets
    asset_container = "#{role.container_prefix}-assets"

    combine \
-      make_directory(role.asset_extracted_directory),
+      make_directory(role.asset_extracted_path),
      [ *docker(:stop, "-t 1", asset_container, "2> /dev/null"), "|| true" ],
-      docker(:run, "--name", asset_container, "--detach", "--rm", "--entrypoint", "sleep", config.absolute_image, "1000000"),
-      docker(:cp, "-L", "#{asset_container}:#{role.asset_path}/.", role.asset_extracted_directory),
+      docker(:run, "--name", asset_container, "--detach", "--rm", config.absolute_image, "sleep 1000000"),
+      docker(:cp, "-L", "#{asset_container}:#{role.asset_path}/.", role.asset_extracted_path),
      docker(:stop, "-t 1", asset_container),
      by: "&&"
  end

  def sync_asset_volumes(old_version: nil)
-    new_extracted_path, new_volume_path = role.asset_extracted_directory(config.version), role.asset_volume.host_path
+    new_extracted_path, new_volume_path = role.asset_extracted_path(config.version), role.asset_volume.host_path
    if old_version.present?
-      old_extracted_path, old_volume_path = role.asset_extracted_directory(old_version), role.asset_volume(old_version).host_path
+      old_extracted_path, old_volume_path = role.asset_extracted_path(old_version), role.asset_volume(old_version).host_path
    end

    commands = [ make_directory(new_volume_path), copy_contents(new_extracted_path, new_volume_path) ]
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ module Kamal::Commands::App::Assets

  def clean_up_assets
    chain \
-      find_and_remove_older_siblings(role.asset_extracted_directory),
-      find_and_remove_older_siblings(role.asset_volume_directory)
+      find_and_remove_older_siblings(role.asset_extracted_path),
+      find_and_remove_older_siblings(role.asset_volume_path)
  end

  private
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module Kamal::Commands::App::Assets
        :find,
        Pathname.new(path).dirname.to_s,
        "-maxdepth 1",
-        "-name", "'#{role.name}-*'",
+        "-name", "'#{role.container_prefix}-*'",
        "!", "-name", Pathname.new(path).basename.to_s,
        "-exec rm -rf \"{}\" +"
      ]
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/app/cord.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/app/cord.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+module Kamal::Commands::App::Cord
+  def cord(version:)
+    pipe \
+      docker(:inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", container_name(version)),
+      [ :awk, "'$2 == \"#{role.cord_volume.container_path}\" {print $1}'" ]
+  end
+
+  def tie_cord(cord)
+    create_empty_file(cord)
+  end
+
+  def cut_cord(cord)
+    remove_directory(cord)
+  end
+
+  private
+    def create_empty_file(file)
+      chain \
+        make_directory_for(file),
+        [ :touch, file ]
+    end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/app/proxy.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/app/proxy.rb
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-module Kamal::Commands::App::Proxy
-  delegate :proxy_container_name, to: :config
-
-  def deploy(target:)
-    proxy_exec :deploy, role.container_prefix, *role.proxy.deploy_command_args(target: target)
-  end
-
-  def remove(target:)
-    proxy_exec :remove, role.container_prefix, *role.proxy.remove_command_args(target: target)
-  end
-
-  private
-    def proxy_exec(*command)
-      docker :exec, proxy_container_name, "kamal-proxy", *command
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/auditor.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/auditor.rb
@@ -8,12 +8,9 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Auditor < Kamal::Commands::Base

  # Runs remotely
  def record(line, **details)
-    combine \
-      [ :mkdir, "-p", config.run_directory ],
-      append(
-        [ :echo, audit_tags(**details).except(:version, :service_version, :service).to_s, line ],
-        audit_log_file
-      )
+    append \
+      [ :echo, audit_tags(**details).except(:version, :service_version, :service).to_s, line ],
+      audit_log_file
  end

  def reveal
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/base.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/base.rb
@@ -37,10 +37,6 @@ module Kamal::Commands
      [ :rm, "-r", path ]
    end

-    def remove_file(path)
-      [ :rm, path ]
-    end
-
    private
      def combine(*commands, by: "&&")
        commands
@@ -85,10 +81,6 @@ module Kamal::Commands
        [ :git, *([ "-C", path ] if path), *args.compact ]
      end

-      def grep(*args)
-        args.compact.unshift :grep
-      end
-
      def tags(**details)
        Kamal::Tags.from_config(config, **details)
      end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"

 class Kamal::Commands::Builder < Kamal::Commands::Base
-  delegate :create, :remove, :push, :clean, :pull, :info, :inspect_builder, :validate_image, :first_mirror, to: :target
-  delegate :local?, :remote?, to: "config.builder"
+  delegate :create, :remove, :push, :clean, :pull, :info, :context_hosts, :config_context_hosts, :validate_image,
+           :first_mirror, to: :target

  include Clone

@@ -11,27 +11,43 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder < Kamal::Commands::Base
  end

  def target
-    if remote?
-      if local?
-        hybrid
+    if config.builder.multiarch?
+      if config.builder.remote?
+        if config.builder.local?
+          multiarch_remote
+        else
+          native_remote
+        end
      else
-        remote
+        multiarch
      end
    else
-      local
+      if config.builder.cached?
+        native_cached
+      else
+        native
+      end
    end
  end

-  def remote
-    @remote ||= Kamal::Commands::Builder::Remote.new(config)
+  def native
+    @native ||= Kamal::Commands::Builder::Native.new(config)
  end

-  def local
-    @local ||= Kamal::Commands::Builder::Local.new(config)
+  def native_cached
+    @native ||= Kamal::Commands::Builder::Native::Cached.new(config)
  end

-  def hybrid
-    @hybrid ||= Kamal::Commands::Builder::Hybrid.new(config)
+  def native_remote
+    @native ||= Kamal::Commands::Builder::Native::Remote.new(config)
+  end
+
+  def multiarch
+    @multiarch ||= Kamal::Commands::Builder::Multiarch.new(config)
+  end
+
+  def multiarch_remote
+    @multiarch_remote ||= Kamal::Commands::Builder::Multiarch::Remote.new(config)
  end


--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder/base.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder/base.rb
@@ -1,41 +1,20 @@
+
 class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base < Kamal::Commands::Base
  class BuilderError < StandardError; end

  ENDPOINT_DOCKER_HOST_INSPECT = "'{{.Endpoints.docker.Host}}'"

  delegate :argumentize, to: Kamal::Utils
-  delegate \
-    :args, :secrets, :dockerfile, :target, :arches, :local_arches, :remote_arches, :remote,
-    :cache_from, :cache_to, :ssh, :driver, :docker_driver?,
-    to: :builder_config
+  delegate :args, :secrets, :dockerfile, :target, :local_arch, :local_host, :remote_arch, :remote_host, :cache_from, :cache_to, :ssh, to: :builder_config

  def clean
    docker :image, :rm, "--force", config.absolute_image
  end

-  def push
-    docker :buildx, :build,
-      "--push",
-      *platform_options(arches),
-      *([ "--builder", builder_name ] unless docker_driver?),
-      *build_options,
-      build_context
-  end
-
  def pull
    docker :pull, config.absolute_image
  end

-  def info
-    combine \
-      docker(:context, :ls),
-      docker(:buildx, :ls)
-  end
-
-  def inspect_builder
-    docker :buildx, :inspect, builder_name unless docker_driver?
-  end
-
  def build_options
    [ *build_tags, *build_cache, *build_labels, *build_args, *build_secrets, *build_dockerfile, *build_target, *build_ssh ]
  end
@@ -53,6 +32,14 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base < Kamal::Commands::Base
      )
  end

+  def context_hosts
+    :true
+  end
+
+  def config_context_hosts
+    []
+  end
+
  def first_mirror
    docker(:info, "--format '{{index .RegistryConfig.Mirrors 0}}'")
  end
@@ -78,7 +65,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base < Kamal::Commands::Base
    end

    def build_secrets
-      argumentize "--secret", secrets.keys.collect { |secret| [ "id", secret ] }
+      argumentize "--secret", secrets.collect { |secret| [ "id", secret ] }
    end

    def build_dockerfile
@@ -101,7 +88,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base < Kamal::Commands::Base
      config.builder
    end

-    def platform_options(arches)
-      argumentize "--platform", arches.map { |arch| "linux/#{arch}" }.join(",") if arches.any?
+    def context_host(builder_name)
+      docker :context, :inspect, builder_name, "--format", ENDPOINT_DOCKER_HOST_INSPECT
    end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder/hybrid.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder/hybrid.rb
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Hybrid < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Remote
-  def create
-    combine \
-      create_local_buildx,
-      create_remote_context,
-      append_remote_buildx
-  end
-
-  private
-    def builder_name
-      "kamal-hybrid-#{driver}-#{remote.gsub(/[^a-z0-9_-]/, "-")}"
-    end
-
-    def create_local_buildx
-      docker :buildx, :create, *platform_options(local_arches), "--name", builder_name, "--driver=#{driver}"
-    end
-
-    def append_remote_buildx
-      docker :buildx, :create, *platform_options(remote_arches), "--append", "--name", builder_name, remote_context_name
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder/local.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder/local.rb
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Local < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base
-  def create
-    docker :buildx, :create, "--name", builder_name, "--driver=#{driver}" unless docker_driver?
-  end
-
-  def remove
-    docker :buildx, :rm, builder_name unless docker_driver?
-  end
-
-  private
-    def builder_name
-      "kamal-local-#{driver}"
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder/multiarch.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder/multiarch.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Multiarch < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base
+  def create
+    docker :buildx, :create, "--use", "--name", builder_name
+  end
+
+  def remove
+    docker :buildx, :rm, builder_name
+  end
+
+  def info
+    combine \
+      docker(:context, :ls),
+      docker(:buildx, :ls)
+  end
+
+  def push
+    docker :buildx, :build,
+      "--push",
+      "--platform", platform_names,
+      "--builder", builder_name,
+      *build_options,
+      build_context
+  end
+
+  def context_hosts
+    docker :buildx, :inspect, builder_name, "> /dev/null"
+  end
+
+  private
+    def builder_name
+      "kamal-#{config.service}-multiarch"
+    end
+
+    def platform_names
+      if local_arch
+        "linux/#{local_arch}"
+      else
+        "linux/amd64,linux/arm64"
+      end
+    end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder/multiarch/remote.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder/multiarch/remote.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Multiarch::Remote < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Multiarch
+  def create
+    combine \
+      create_contexts,
+      create_local_buildx,
+      append_remote_buildx
+  end
+
+  def remove
+    combine \
+      remove_contexts,
+      super
+  end
+
+  def context_hosts
+    chain \
+      context_host(builder_name_with_arch(local_arch)),
+      context_host(builder_name_with_arch(remote_arch))
+  end
+
+  def config_context_hosts
+    [ local_host, remote_host ].compact
+  end
+
+  private
+    def builder_name
+      super + "-remote"
+    end
+
+    def builder_name_with_arch(arch)
+      "#{builder_name}-#{arch}"
+    end
+
+    def create_local_buildx
+      docker :buildx, :create, "--name", builder_name, builder_name_with_arch(local_arch), "--platform", "linux/#{local_arch}"
+    end
+
+    def append_remote_buildx
+      docker :buildx, :create, "--append", "--name", builder_name, builder_name_with_arch(remote_arch), "--platform", "linux/#{remote_arch}"
+    end
+
+    def create_contexts
+      combine \
+        create_context(local_arch, local_host),
+        create_context(remote_arch, remote_host)
+    end
+
+    def create_context(arch, host)
+      docker :context, :create, builder_name_with_arch(arch), "--description", "'#{builder_name} #{arch} native host'", "--docker", "'host=#{host}'"
+    end
+
+    def remove_contexts
+      combine \
+        remove_context(local_arch),
+        remove_context(remote_arch)
+    end
+
+    def remove_context(arch)
+      docker :context, :rm, builder_name_with_arch(arch)
+    end
+
+    def platform_names
+      "linux/#{local_arch},linux/#{remote_arch}"
+    end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder/native.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder/native.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Native < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base
+  def create
+    # No-op on native without cache
+  end
+
+  def remove
+    # No-op on native without cache
+  end
+
+  def info
+    # No-op on native
+  end
+
+  def push
+    combine \
+      docker(:build, *build_options, build_context),
+      docker(:push, config.absolute_image),
+      docker(:push, config.latest_image)
+  end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder/native/cached.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder/native/cached.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Native::Cached < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Native
+  def create
+    docker :buildx, :create, "--name", builder_name, "--use", "--driver=docker-container"
+  end
+
+  def remove
+    docker :buildx, :rm, builder_name
+  end
+
+  def push
+    docker :buildx, :build,
+      "--push",
+      *build_options,
+      build_context
+  end
+
+  def context_hosts
+    docker :buildx, :inspect, builder_name, "> /dev/null"
+  end
+
+  private
+    def builder_name
+      "kamal-#{config.service}-native-cached"
+    end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder/native/remote.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder/native/remote.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Native::Remote < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Native
+  def create
+    chain \
+      create_context,
+      create_buildx
+  end
+
+  def remove
+    chain \
+      remove_context,
+      remove_buildx
+  end
+
+  def info
+    chain \
+      docker(:context, :ls),
+      docker(:buildx, :ls)
+  end
+
+  def push
+    docker :buildx, :build,
+    "--push",
+    "--platform", platform,
+    "--builder", builder_name,
+    *build_options,
+    build_context
+  end
+
+  def context_hosts
+    context_host(builder_name_with_arch)
+  end
+
+  def config_context_hosts
+    [ remote_host ]
+  end
+
+
+  private
+    def builder_name
+      "kamal-#{config.service}-native-remote"
+    end
+
+    def builder_name_with_arch
+      "#{builder_name}-#{remote_arch}"
+    end
+
+    def platform
+      "linux/#{remote_arch}"
+    end
+
+    def create_context
+      docker :context, :create,
+        builder_name_with_arch, "--description", "'#{builder_name} #{remote_arch} native host'", "--docker", "'host=#{remote_host}'"
+    end
+
+    def remove_context
+      docker :context, :rm, builder_name_with_arch
+    end
+
+    def create_buildx
+      docker :buildx, :create, "--name", builder_name, builder_name_with_arch, "--platform", platform
+    end
+
+    def remove_buildx
+      docker :buildx, :rm, builder_name
+    end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/builder/remote.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/builder/remote.rb
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Remote < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base
-  def create
-    chain \
-      create_remote_context,
-      create_buildx
-  end
-
-  def remove
-    chain \
-      remove_remote_context,
-      remove_buildx
-  end
-
-  def info
-    chain \
-      docker(:context, :ls),
-      docker(:buildx, :ls)
-  end
-
-  def inspect_builder
-    combine \
-      combine inspect_buildx, inspect_remote_context,
-      [ "(echo no compatible builder && exit 1)" ],
-      by: "||"
-  end
-
-  private
-    def builder_name
-      "kamal-remote-#{remote.gsub(/[^a-z0-9_-]/, "-")}"
-    end
-
-    def remote_context_name
-      "#{builder_name}-context"
-    end
-
-    def inspect_buildx
-      pipe \
-        docker(:buildx, :inspect, builder_name),
-        grep("-q", "Endpoint:.*#{remote_context_name}")
-    end
-
-    def inspect_remote_context
-      pipe \
-        docker(:context, :inspect, remote_context_name, "--format", ENDPOINT_DOCKER_HOST_INSPECT),
-        grep("-xq", remote)
-    end
-
-    def create_remote_context
-      docker :context, :create, remote_context_name, "--description", "'#{builder_name} host'", "--docker", "'host=#{remote}'"
-    end
-
-    def remove_remote_context
-      docker :context, :rm, remote_context_name
-    end
-
-    def create_buildx
-      docker :buildx, :create, "--name", builder_name, remote_context_name
-    end
-
-    def remove_buildx
-      docker :buildx, :rm, builder_name
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/docker.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/docker.rb
@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Docker < Kamal::Commands::Base
    [ '[ "${EUID:-$(id -u)}" -eq 0 ] || command -v sudo >/dev/null || command -v su >/dev/null' ]
  end

-  def create_network
-    docker :network, :create, :kamal
-  end
-
  private
    def get_docker
      shell \
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/hook.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/hook.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 class Kamal::Commands::Hook < Kamal::Commands::Base
-  def run(hook, secrets: false, **details)
-    env = tags(**details).env
-    env.merge!(config.secrets.to_h) if secrets
-
-    [ hook_file(hook), env: env ]
+  def run(hook, **details)
+    [ hook_file(hook), env: tags(**details).env ]
  end

  def hook_exists?(hook)
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/lock.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/lock.rb
@@ -44,10 +44,14 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Lock < Kamal::Commands::Base
        "/dev/null"
    end

-    def lock_dir
-      dir_name = [ "lock", config.service, config.destination ].compact.join("-")
+    def locks_dir
+      File.join(config.run_directory, "locks")
+    end

-      File.join(config.run_directory, dir_name)
+    def lock_dir
+      dir_name = [ config.service, config.destination ].compact.join("-")
+
+      File.join(locks_dir, dir_name)
    end

    def lock_details_file
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/proxy.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/proxy.rb
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Commands::Proxy < Kamal::Commands::Base
-  delegate :argumentize, :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils
-
-  def run
-    docker :run,
-      "--name", container_name,
-      "--network", "kamal",
-      "--detach",
-      "--restart", "unless-stopped",
-      *config.proxy_publish_args,
-      "--volume", "/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock",
-      *config.proxy_config_volume.docker_args,
-      *config.logging_args,
-      config.proxy_image
-  end
-
-  def start
-    docker :container, :start, container_name
-  end
-
-  def stop(name: container_name)
-    docker :container, :stop, name
-  end
-
-  def start_or_run
-    combine start, run, by: "||"
-  end
-
-  def info
-    docker :ps, "--filter", "name=^#{container_name}$"
-  end
-
-  def version
-    pipe \
-      docker(:inspect, container_name, "--format '{{.Config.Image}}'"),
-      [ :cut, "-d:", "-f2" ]
-  end
-
-  def logs(since: nil, lines: nil, grep: nil, grep_options: nil)
-    pipe \
-      docker(:logs, container_name, (" --since #{since}" if since), (" --tail #{lines}" if lines), "--timestamps", "2>&1"),
-      ("grep '#{grep}'#{" #{grep_options}" if grep_options}" if grep)
-  end
-
-  def follow_logs(host:, grep: nil, grep_options: nil)
-    run_over_ssh pipe(
-      docker(:logs, container_name, "--timestamps", "--tail", "10", "--follow", "2>&1"),
-      (%(grep "#{grep}"#{" #{grep_options}" if grep_options}) if grep)
-    ).join(" "), host: host
-  end
-
-  def remove_container
-    docker :container, :prune, "--force", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=kamal-proxy"
-  end
-
-  def remove_image
-    docker :image, :prune, "--all", "--force", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=kamal-proxy"
-  end
-
-  def remove_host_directory
-    remove_directory config.proxy_directory
-  end
-
-  def cleanup_traefik
-    chain \
-      docker(:container, :stop, "traefik"),
-      combine(
-        docker(:container, :prune, "--force", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik"),
-        docker(:image, :prune, "--all", "--force", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik")
-      )
-  end
-
-  private
-    def container_name
-      config.proxy_container_name
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/prune.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/prune.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Prune < Kamal::Commands::Base
  def tagged_images
    pipe \
      docker(:image, :ls, *service_filter, "--format", "'{{.ID}} {{.Repository}}:{{.Tag}}'"),
-      grep("-v -w \"#{active_image_list}\""),
+      "grep -v -w \"#{active_image_list}\"",
      "while read image tag; do docker rmi $tag; done"
  end

@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Prune < Kamal::Commands::Base
      "while read container_id; do docker rm $container_id; done"
  end

+  def healthcheck_containers
+    docker :container, :prune, "--force", *healthcheck_service_filter
+  end
+
  private
    def stopped_containers_filters
      [ "created", "exited", "dead" ].flat_map { |status| [ "--filter", "status=#{status}" ] }
@@ -35,4 +39,8 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Prune < Kamal::Commands::Base
    def service_filter
      [ "--filter", "label=service=#{config.service}" ]
    end
+
+    def healthcheck_service_filter
+      [ "--filter", "label=service=#{config.healthcheck_service}" ]
+    end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/server.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/server.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,5 @@
 class Kamal::Commands::Server < Kamal::Commands::Base
  def ensure_run_directory
-    make_directory config.run_directory
-  end
-
-  def remove_app_directory
-    remove_directory config.app_directory
-  end
-
-  def app_directory_count
-    pipe \
-      [ :ls, config.apps_directory ],
-      [ :wc, "-l" ]
+    [ :mkdir, "-p", config.run_directory ]
  end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/commands/traefik.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/commands/traefik.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+class Kamal::Commands::Traefik < Kamal::Commands::Base
+  delegate :argumentize, :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils
+  delegate :port, :publish?, :labels, :env, :image, :options, :args, to: :"config.traefik"
+
+  def run
+    docker :run, "--name traefik",
+      "--detach",
+      "--restart", "unless-stopped",
+      *publish_args,
+      "--volume", "/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock",
+      *env_args,
+      *config.logging_args,
+      *label_args,
+      *docker_options_args,
+      image,
+      "--providers.docker",
+      *cmd_option_args
+  end
+
+  def start
+    docker :container, :start, "traefik"
+  end
+
+  def stop
+    docker :container, :stop, "traefik"
+  end
+
+  def start_or_run
+    any start, run
+  end
+
+  def info
+    docker :ps, "--filter", "name=^traefik$"
+  end
+
+  def logs(since: nil, lines: nil, grep: nil, grep_options: nil)
+    pipe \
+      docker(:logs, "traefik", (" --since #{since}" if since), (" --tail #{lines}" if lines), "--timestamps", "2>&1"),
+      ("grep '#{grep}'#{" #{grep_options}" if grep_options}" if grep)
+  end
+
+  def follow_logs(host:, grep: nil, grep_options: nil)
+    run_over_ssh pipe(
+      docker(:logs, "traefik", "--timestamps", "--tail", "10", "--follow", "2>&1"),
+      (%(grep "#{grep}"#{" #{grep_options}" if grep_options}) if grep)
+    ).join(" "), host: host
+  end
+
+  def remove_container
+    docker :container, :prune, "--force", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik"
+  end
+
+  def remove_image
+    docker :image, :prune, "--all", "--force", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik"
+  end
+
+  def make_env_directory
+    make_directory(env.secrets_directory)
+  end
+
+  def remove_env_file
+    [ :rm, "-f", env.secrets_file ]
+  end
+
+  def cleanup_kamal_proxy
+    chain \
+      docker(:container, :stop, "kamal-proxy"),
+      combine(
+        docker(:container, :prune, "--force", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=kamal-proxy"),
+        docker(:image, :prune, "--all", "--force", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=kamal-proxy")
+      )
+  end
+
+  private
+    def publish_args
+      argumentize "--publish", port if publish?
+    end
+
+    def label_args
+      argumentize "--label", labels
+    end
+
+    def env_args
+      env.args
+    end
+
+    def docker_options_args
+      optionize(options)
+    end
+
+    def cmd_option_args
+      optionize args, with: "="
+    end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration.rb
@@ -2,22 +2,19 @@ require "active_support/ordered_options"
 require "active_support/core_ext/string/inquiry"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/delegation"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/keys"
+require "pathname"
 require "erb"
 require "net/ssh/proxy/jump"

 class Kamal::Configuration
-  delegate :service, :image, :labels, :hooks_path, to: :raw_config, allow_nil: true
+  delegate :service, :image, :labels, :stop_wait_time, :hooks_path, to: :raw_config, allow_nil: true
  delegate :argumentize, :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils

-  attr_reader :destination, :raw_config, :secrets
-  attr_reader :accessories, :aliases, :boot, :builder, :env, :logging, :proxy, :servers, :ssh, :sshkit, :registry
+  attr_reader :destination, :raw_config
+  attr_reader :accessories, :boot, :builder, :env, :healthcheck, :logging, :traefik, :servers, :ssh, :sshkit, :registry

  include Validation

-  PROXY_MINIMUM_VERSION = "v0.3.0"
-  PROXY_HTTP_PORT = 80
-  PROXY_HTTPS_PORT = 443
-
  class << self
    def create_from(config_file:, destination: nil, version: nil)
      raw_config = load_config_files(config_file, *destination_config_file(config_file, destination))
@@ -52,20 +49,18 @@ class Kamal::Configuration

    validate! raw_config, example: validation_yml.symbolize_keys, context: "", with: Kamal::Configuration::Validator::Configuration

-    @secrets = Kamal::Secrets.new(destination: destination)
-
    # Eager load config to validate it, these are first as they have dependencies later on
    @servers = Servers.new(config: self)
    @registry = Registry.new(config: self)

    @accessories = @raw_config.accessories&.keys&.collect { |name| Accessory.new(name, config: self) } || []
-    @aliases = @raw_config.aliases&.keys&.to_h { |name| [ name, Alias.new(name, config: self) ] } || {}
    @boot = Boot.new(config: self)
    @builder = Builder.new(config: self)
-    @env = Env.new(config: @raw_config.env || {}, secrets: secrets)
+    @env = Env.new(config: @raw_config.env || {})

+    @healthcheck = Healthcheck.new(healthcheck_config: @raw_config.healthcheck)
    @logging = Logging.new(logging_config: @raw_config.logging)
-    @proxy = Proxy.new(config: self, proxy_config: @raw_config.proxy || {})
+    @traefik = Traefik.new(config: self)
    @ssh = Ssh.new(config: self)
    @sshkit = Sshkit.new(config: self)

@@ -74,9 +69,6 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
    ensure_valid_kamal_version
    ensure_retain_containers_valid
    ensure_valid_service_name
-    ensure_no_traefik_reboot_hooks
-    ensure_one_host_for_ssl_roles
-    ensure_unique_hosts_for_ssl_roles
  end


@@ -137,16 +129,16 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
    raw_config.allow_empty_roles
  end

-  def proxy_roles
-    roles.select(&:running_proxy?)
+  def traefik_roles
+    roles.select(&:running_traefik?)
  end

-  def proxy_role_names
-    proxy_roles.flat_map(&:name)
+  def traefik_role_names
+    traefik_roles.flat_map(&:name)
  end

-  def proxy_hosts
-    proxy_roles.flat_map(&:hosts).uniq
+  def traefik_hosts
+    traefik_roles.flat_map(&:hosts).uniq
  end

  def repository
@@ -191,44 +183,31 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
  end


+  def healthcheck_service
+    [ "healthcheck", service, destination ].compact.join("-")
+  end
+
  def readiness_delay
    raw_config.readiness_delay || 7
  end

-  def deploy_timeout
-    raw_config.deploy_timeout || 30
-  end
-
-  def drain_timeout
-    raw_config.drain_timeout || 30
+  def run_id
+    @run_id ||= SecureRandom.hex(16)
  end


  def run_directory
-    ".kamal"
+    raw_config.run_directory || ".kamal"
  end

-  def apps_directory
-    File.join run_directory, "apps"
+  def run_directory_as_docker_volume
+    if Pathname.new(run_directory).absolute?
+      run_directory
+    else
+      File.join "$(pwd)", run_directory
+    end
  end

-  def app_directory
-    File.join apps_directory, [ service, destination ].compact.join("-")
-  end
-
-  def proxy_directory
-    File.join run_directory, "proxy"
-  end
-
-  def env_directory
-    File.join app_directory, "env"
-  end
-
-  def assets_directory
-    File.join app_directory, "assets"
-  end
-
-
  def hooks_path
    raw_config.hooks_path || ".kamal/hooks"
  end
@@ -238,9 +217,13 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
  end


+  def host_env_directory
+    File.join(run_directory, "env")
+  end
+
  def env_tags
    @env_tags ||= if (tags = raw_config.env["tags"])
-      tags.collect { |name, config| Env::Tag.new(name, config: config, secrets: secrets) }
+      tags.collect { |name, config| Env::Tag.new(name, config: config) }
    else
      []
    end
@@ -250,24 +233,6 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
    env_tags.detect { |t| t.name == name.to_s }
  end

-  def proxy_publish_args
-    argumentize "--publish", [ "#{PROXY_HTTP_PORT}:#{PROXY_HTTP_PORT}", "#{PROXY_HTTPS_PORT}:#{PROXY_HTTPS_PORT}" ]
-  end
-
-  def proxy_image
-    "basecamp/kamal-proxy:#{PROXY_MINIMUM_VERSION}"
-  end
-
-  def proxy_container_name
-    "kamal-proxy"
-  end
-
-  def proxy_config_volume
-    Kamal::Configuration::Volume.new \
-      host_path: File.join(proxy_directory, "config"),
-      container_path: "/home/kamal-proxy/.config/kamal-proxy"
-  end
-

  def to_h
    {
@@ -283,7 +248,8 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
      sshkit: sshkit.to_h,
      builder: builder.to_h,
      accessories: raw_config.accessories,
-      logging: logging_args
+      logging: logging_args,
+      healthcheck: healthcheck.to_h
    }.compact
  end

@@ -341,30 +307,6 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
      true
    end

-    def ensure_no_traefik_reboot_hooks
-      hooks = %w[ pre-traefik-reboot post-traefik-reboot ].select { |hook_file| File.exist?(File.join(hooks_path, hook_file)) }
-
-      if hooks.any?
-        raise Kamal::ConfigurationError, "Found #{hooks.join(", ")}, these should be renamed to (pre|post)-proxy-reboot"
-      end
-
-      true
-    end
-
-    def ensure_one_host_for_ssl_roles
-      roles.each(&:ensure_one_host_for_ssl)
-
-      true
-    end
-
-    def ensure_unique_hosts_for_ssl_roles
-      hosts = roles.select(&:ssl?).map { |role| role.proxy.host }
-      duplicates = hosts.tally.filter_map { |host, count| host if count > 1 }
-
-      raise Kamal::ConfigurationError, "Different roles can't share the same host for SSL: #{duplicates.join(", ")}" if duplicates.any?
-
-      true
-    end

    def role_names
      raw_config.servers.is_a?(Array) ? [ "web" ] : raw_config.servers.keys.sort
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/accessory.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/accessory.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Accessory

    @env = Kamal::Configuration::Env.new \
      config: accessory_config.fetch("env", {}),
-      secrets: config.secrets,
+      secrets_file: File.join(config.host_env_directory, "accessories", "#{service_name}.env"),
      context: "accessories/#{name}/env"
  end

@@ -51,19 +51,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Accessory
  end

  def env_args
-    [ *env.clear_args, *argumentize("--env-file", secrets_path) ]
-  end
-
-  def env_directory
-    File.join(config.env_directory, "accessories")
-  end
-
-  def secrets_io
-    env.secrets_io
-  end
-
-  def secrets_path
-    File.join(config.env_directory, "accessories", "#{name}.env")
+    env.args
  end

  def files
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/alias.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/alias.rb
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Configuration::Alias
-  include Kamal::Configuration::Validation
-
-  attr_reader :name, :command
-
-  def initialize(name, config:)
-    @name, @command = name.inquiry, config.raw_config["aliases"][name]
-
-    validate! \
-      command,
-      example: validation_yml["aliases"]["uname"],
-      context: "aliases/#{name}",
-      with: Kamal::Configuration::Validator::Alias
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/builder.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/builder.rb
@@ -19,38 +19,16 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Builder
    builder_config
  end

-  def remote
-    builder_config["remote"]
-  end
-
-  def arches
-    Array(builder_config.fetch("arch", default_arch))
-  end
-
-  def local_arches
-    @local_arches ||= if local_disabled?
-      []
-    elsif remote
-      arches & [ Kamal::Utils.docker_arch ]
-    else
-      arches
-    end
-  end
-
-  def remote_arches
-    @remote_arches ||= if remote
-      arches - local_arches
-    else
-      []
-    end
-  end
-
-  def remote?
-    remote_arches.any?
+  def multiarch?
+    builder_config["multiarch"] != false
  end

  def local?
-    !local_disabled? && (arches.empty? || local_arches.any?)
+    !!builder_config["local"]
+  end
+
+  def remote?
+    !!builder_config["remote"]
  end

  def cached?
@@ -62,7 +40,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Builder
  end

  def secrets
-    (builder_config["secrets"] || []).to_h { |key| [ key, config.secrets[key] ] }
+    builder_config["secrets"] || []
  end

  def dockerfile
@@ -77,12 +55,20 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Builder
    builder_config["context"] || "."
  end

-  def driver
-    builder_config.fetch("driver", "docker-container")
+  def local_arch
+    builder_config["local"]["arch"] if local?
  end

-  def local_disabled?
-    builder_config["local"] == false
+  def local_host
+    builder_config["local"]["host"] if local?
+  end
+
+  def remote_arch
+    builder_config["remote"]["arch"] if remote?
+  end
+
+  def remote_host
+    builder_config["remote"]["host"] if remote?
  end

  def cache_from
@@ -128,23 +114,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Builder
      end
  end

-  def docker_driver?
-    driver == "docker"
-  end
-
  private
-    def valid?
-      if docker_driver?
-        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid builder configuration: the `docker` driver does not not support remote builders" if remote
-        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid builder configuration: the `docker` driver does not not support caching" if cached?
-        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid builder configuration: the `docker` driver does not not support multiple arches" if arches.many?
-      end
-
-      if @options["cache"] && @options["cache"]["type"]
-        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid cache type: #{@options["cache"]["type"]}" unless [ "gha", "registry" ].include?(@options["cache"]["type"])
-      end
-    end
-
    def cache_image
      builder_config["cache"]&.fetch("image", nil) || "#{image}-build-cache"
    end
@@ -180,8 +150,4 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Builder
    def pwd_sha
      Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(Dir.pwd)[0..12]
    end
-
-    def default_arch
-      docker_driver? ? [] : [ "amd64", "arm64" ]
-    end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/alias.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/alias.yml
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# Aliases
-#
-# Aliases are shortcuts for Kamal commands.
-#
-# For example, for a Rails app, you might open a console with:
-#
-# ```shell
-# kamal app exec -i -r console "rails console"
-# ```
-#
-# By defining an alias, like this:
-aliases:
-  console: app exec -r console -i "rails console"
-# You can now open the console with:
-# ```shell
-# kamal console
-# ```
-
-# Configuring aliases
-#
-# Aliases are defined in the root config under the alias key
-#
-# Each alias is named and can only contain lowercase letters, numbers, dashes and underscores.
-
-aliases:
-  uname: app exec -p -q -r web "uname -a"
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/builder.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/builder.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # Builder
 #
-# The builder configuration controls how the application is built with `docker build`
+# The builder configuration controls how the application is built with `docker build` or `docker buildx build`
 #
 # If no configuration is specified, Kamal will:
-# 1. Create a buildx context called `kamal-local-docker-container`, using the docker-container driver
-# 2. Use `docker build` to build a multiarch image for linux/amd64,linux/arm64 with that context
+# 1. Create a buildx context called `kamal-<service>-multiarch`
+# 2. Use `docker buildx build` to build a multiarch image for linux/amd64,linux/arm64 with that context
 #
 # See https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/configuration/builder-examples/ for more information

@@ -13,33 +13,35 @@
 # Options go under the builder key in the root configuration.
 builder:

-  # Arch
+  # Multiarch
  #
-  # The architectures to build for - you can set an array or just a single value.
-  #
-  # Allowed values are `amd64` and `arm64`
-  arch:
-    - amd64
+  # Enables multiarch builds, defaults to `true`
+  multiarch: false

-  # Remote
+  # Local configuration
  #
-  # The connection string for a remote builder. If supplied Kamal will use this
-  # for builds that do not match the local architecture of the deployment host.
-  remote: ssh://docker@docker-builder
+  # The build configuration for local builds, only used if multiarch is enabled (the default)
+  #
+  # If there is no remote configuration, by default we build for amd64 and arm64.
+  # If you only want to build for one architecture, you can specify it here.
+  # The docker socket is optional and uses the default docker host socket when not specified
+  local:
+    arch: amd64
+    host: /var/run/docker.sock

-  # Local
+  # Remote configuration
  #
-  # If set to false, Kamal will always use the remote builder even when building
-  # the local architecture.
-  #
-  # Defaults to true
-  local: true
+  # The build configuration for remote builds, also only used if multiarch is enabled.
+  # The arch is required and can be either amd64 or arm64.
+  remote:
+    arch: arm64
+    host: ssh://docker@docker-builder

  # Builder cache
  #
  # The type must be either 'gha' or 'registry'
  #
-  # The image is only used for registry cache. Not compatible with the docker driver
+  # The image is only used for registry cache
  cache:
    type: registry
    options: mode=max
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ builder:

  # Build secrets
  #
-  # Values are read from the .kamal/secrets.
+  # Values are read from the environment.
  #
  secrets:
    - SECRET1
@@ -103,8 +105,3 @@ builder:
  #
  # SSH agent socket or keys to expose to the build
  ssh: default=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK
-
-  # Driver
-  #
-  # The build driver to use, defaults to `docker-container`
-  driver: docker
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/configuration.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/configuration.yml
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ env:
 # volume containing both sets of files.
 # This requires that file names change when the contents change
 # (e.g. by including a hash of the contents in the name).
-#
+
 # To configure this, set the path to the assets:
 asset_path: /path/to/assets

@@ -93,6 +93,11 @@ primary_role: workers
 # Whether roles with no servers are allowed. Defaults to `false`.
 allow_empty_roles: false

+# Stop wait time
+#
+# How long we wait for a container to stop before killing it, defaults to 30 seconds
+stop_wait_time: 60
+
 # Retain containers
 #
 # How many old containers and images we retain, defaults to 5
@@ -106,20 +111,9 @@ minimum_version: 1.3.0
 # Readiness delay
 #
 # Seconds to wait for a container to boot after is running, default 7
-#
-# This only applies to containers that do not run a proxy or specify a healthcheck
+# This only applies to containers that do not specify a healthcheck
 readiness_delay: 4

-# Deploy timeout
-#
-# How long to wait for a container to become ready, default 30
-deploy_timeout: 10
-
-# Drain timeout
-#
-# How long to wait for a containers to drain, default 30
-drain_timeout: 10
-
 # Run directory
 #
 # Directory to store kamal runtime files in on the host, default `.kamal`
@@ -143,10 +137,10 @@ builder:
 accessories:
  ...

-# Proxy
+# Traefik
 #
-# Configuration for kamal-proxy, see kamal docs proxy
-proxy:
+# The Traefik proxy is used for zero-downtime deployments, see kamal docs traefik
+traefik:
  ...

 # SSHKit
@@ -161,14 +155,14 @@ sshkit:
 boot:
  ...

+# Healthcheck
+#
+# Configuring healthcheck commands, intervals and timeouts, see kamal docs healthcheck
+healthcheck:
+  ...
+
 # Logging
 #
 # Docker logging configuration, see kamal docs logging
 logging:
  ...
-
-# Aliases
-#
-# Alias configuration, see kamal docs alias
-aliases:
-  ...
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/env.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/env.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Environment variables
 #
-# Environment variables can be set directly in the Kamal configuration or
-# read from .kamal/secrets.
+# Environment variables can be set directory in the Kamal configuration or
+# for loaded from a .env file, for secrets that should not be checked into Git.

 # Reading environment variables from the configuration
 #
@@ -12,25 +12,26 @@ env:
  DATABASE_HOST: mysql-db1
  DATABASE_PORT: 3306

-# Using .kamal/secrets file to load required environment variables
+# Using .env file to load required environment variables
 #
-# Kamal uses dotenv to automatically load environment variables set in the .kamal/secrets file.
+# Kamal uses dotenv to automatically load environment variables set in the .env file present
+# in the application root.
 #
 # This file can be used to set variables like KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD or database passwords.
-# You can use variable or command substitution in the secrets file.
-#
+# But for this reason you must ensure that .env files are not checked into Git or included
+# in your Dockerfile! The format is just key-value like:
 # ```
-# KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=$KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD
-# RAILS_MASTER_KEY=$(cat config/master.key)
+# KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=pw
+# DB_PASSWORD=secret123
 # ```
-#
-# If you store secrets directly in .kamal/secrets, ensure that it is not checked into version control.
+# See https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/commands/envify/ for how to use generated .env files.
 #
 # To pass the secrets you should list them under the `secret` key. When you do this the
 # other variables need to be moved under the `clear` key.
 #
 # Unlike clear values, secrets are not passed directly to the container,
 # but are stored in an env file on the host
+# The file is not updated when deploying, only when running `kamal envify` or `kamal env push`.
 env:
  clear:
    DB_USER: app
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/healthcheck.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/healthcheck.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Healthcheck configuration
+#
+# On roles that are running Traefik, Kamal will supply a default healthcheck to `docker run`.
+# For other roles, by default no healthcheck is supplied.
+#
+# If no healthcheck is supplied and the image does not define one, they we wait for the container
+# to reach a running state and then pause for the readiness delay.
+#
+# The default healthcheck is `curl -f http://localhost:<port>/<path>`, so it assumes that `curl`
+# is available within the container.
+
+# Healthcheck options
+#
+# These go under the `healthcheck` key in the root or role configuration.
+healthcheck:
+
+  # Command
+  #
+  # The command to run, defaults to `curl -f http://localhost:<port>/<path>` on roles running Traefik
+  cmd: "curl -f http://localhost"
+
+  # Interval
+  #
+  # The Docker healthcheck interval, defaults to `1s`
+  interval: 10s
+
+  # Max attempts
+  #
+  # The maximum number of times we poll the container to see if it is healthy, defaults to `7`
+  # Each check is separated by an increasing interval starting with 1 second.
+  max_attempts: 3
+
+  # Port
+  #
+  # The port to use in the healthcheck, defaults to `3000`
+  port: "80"
+
+  # Path
+  #
+  # The path to use in the healthcheck, defaults to `/up`
+  path: /health
+
+  # Cords for zero-downtime deployments
+  #
+  # The cord file is used for zero-downtime deployments. The healthcheck is augmented with a check
+  # for the existance of the file. This allows us to delete the file and force the container to
+  # become unhealthy, causing Traefik to stop routing traffic to it.
+  #
+  # Kamal mounts a volume at this location and creates the file before starting the container.
+  # You can set the value to `false` to disable the cord file, but this loses the zero-downtime
+  # guarantee.
+  #
+  # The default value is `/tmp/kamal-cord`
+  cord: /cord
+
+  # Log lines
+  #
+  # Number of lines to log from the container when the healthcheck fails, defaults to `50`
+  log_lines: 100
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/proxy.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/proxy.yml
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-# Proxy
-#
-# Kamal uses [kamal-proxy](https://github.com/basecamp/kamal-proxy) to provide
-# gapless deployments. It runs on ports 80 and 443 and forwards requests to the
-# application container.
-#
-# The proxy is configured in the root configuration under `proxy`. These are
-# options that are set when deploying the application, not when booting the proxy
-#
-# They are application specific, so are not shared when multiple applications
-# run on the same proxy.
-#
-# The proxy is enabled by default on the primary role, but can be disabled by
-# setting `proxy: false`.
-#
-# It is disabled by default on all other roles, but can be enabled by setting
-# `proxy: true`, or providing a proxy configuration.
-proxy:
-
-  # Host
-  #
-  # The hosts that will be used to serve the app. The proxy will only route requests
-  # to this host to your app.
-  #
-  # If no hosts are set, then all requests will be forwarded, except for matching
-  # requests for other apps deployed on that server that do have a host set.
-  host: foo.example.com
-
-  # App port
-  #
-  # The port the application container is exposed on
-  #
-  # Defaults to 80
-  app_port: 3000
-
-  # SSL
-  #
-  # kamal-proxy can provide automatic HTTPS for your application via Let's Encrypt.
-  #
-  # This requires that we are deploying to a one server and the host option is set.
-  # The host value must point to the server we are deploying to and port 443 must be
-  # open for the Let's Encrypt challenge to succeed.
-  #
-  # Defaults to false
-  ssl: true
-
-  # Response timeout
-  #
-  # How long to wait for requests to complete before timing out, defaults to 30 seconds
-  response_timeout: 10s
-
-  # Healthcheck
-  #
-  # When deploying, the proxy will by default hit /up once every second until we hit
-  # the deploy timeout, with a 5 second timeout for each request.
-  #
-  # Once the app is up, the proxy will stop hitting the healthcheck endpoint.
-  healthcheck:
-    interval: 3
-    path: /health
-    timeout: 3
-
-  # Buffering
-  #
-  # Whether to buffer request and response bodies in the proxy
-  #
-  # By default buffering is enabled with a max request body size of 1GB and no limit
-  # for response size.
-  #
-  # You can also set the memory limit for buffering, which defaults to 1MB, anything
-  # larger than that is written to disk.
-  buffering:
-    requests: true
-    responses: true
-    max_request_body: 40_000_000
-    max_response_body: 0
-    memory: 2_000_000
-
-  # Logging
-  #
-  # Configure request logging for the proxy
-  # You can specify request and response headers to log.
-  # By default, Cache-Control, Last-Modified and User-Agent request headers are logged
-  logging:
-    request_headers:
-      - Cache-Control
-      - X-Forwarded-Proto
-    response_headers:
-      - X-Request-ID
-      - X-Request-Start
-
-  # Forward headers
-  #
-  # Whether to forward the X-Forwarded-For and X-Forwarded-Proto headers (defaults to false)
-  #
-  # If you are behind a trusted proxy, you can set this to true to forward the headers.
-  #
-  # By default kamal-proxy will not forward the headers the ssl option is set to true, and
-  # will forward them if it is set to false.
-  forward_headers: true
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/registry.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/registry.yml
@@ -27,13 +27,11 @@ registry:
 # and [set up roles and permissions](https://cloud.google.com/artifact-registry/docs/access-control#permissions).
 # Normally, assigning a roles/artifactregistry.writer role should be sufficient.
 #
-# Once the service account is ready, you need to generate and download a JSON key and base64 encode it:
+# Once the service account is ready, you need to generate and download a JSON key, base64 encode it and add to .env:
 #
 # ```shell
-# base64 -i /path/to/key.json | tr -d "\\n")
+# echo "KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=$(base64 -i /path/to/key.json)" | tr -d "\\n"  >> .env
 # ```
-# You'll then need to set the KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD secret to that value.
-#
 # Use the env variable as password along with _json_key_base64 as username.
 # Here’s the final configuration:

--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/role.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/role.yml
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ servers:
  #
  # When there are other options to set, the list of hosts goes under the `hosts` key
  #
-  # By default only the primary role uses a proxy, but you can set `proxy` to change
+  # By default only the primary role uses Traefik, but you can set `traefik` to change
  # it.
  #
  # You can also set a custom cmd to run in the container, and overwrite other settings
@@ -35,16 +35,18 @@ servers:
    hosts:
      - 172.1.0.3
      - 172.1.0.4: experiment1
+    traefik: true
    cmd: "bin/jobs"
    options:
      memory: 2g
      cpus: 4
-    logging:
+    healthcheck:
      ...
-    proxy:
+    logging:
      ...
    labels:
      my-label: workers
    env:
      ...
    asset_path: /public
+
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/traefik.yml
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/docs/traefik.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Traefik
+#
+# Traefik is a reverse proxy, used by Kamal for zero-downtime deployments.
+#
+# We start an instance on the hosts in it's own container.
+#
+# During a deployment:
+# 1. We start a new container which Traefik automatically detects due to the labels we have applied
+# 2. Traefik starts routing traffic to the new container
+# 3. We force the old container to fail it's healthcheck, causing Traefik to stop routing traffic to it
+# 4. We stop the old container
+
+# Traefik settings
+#
+# Traekik is configured in the root configuration under `traefik`.
+traefik:
+
+  # Image
+  #
+  # The Traefik image to use, defaults to `traefik:v2.11`
+  image: traefik:v2.11
+
+  # Host port
+  #
+  # The host port to publish the Traefik container on, defaults to `80`
+  host_port: "8080"
+
+  # Disabling publishing
+  #
+  # To avoid publishing the Traefik container, set this to `false`
+  publish: false
+
+  # Labels
+  #
+  # Additional labels to apply to the Traefik container
+  labels:
+    traefik.http.routers.catchall.entryPoints: http
+    traefik.http.routers.catchall.rule: PathPrefix(`/`)
+    traefik.http.routers.catchall.service: unavailable
+    traefik.http.routers.catchall.priority: "1"
+    traefik.http.services.unavailable.loadbalancer.server.port: "0"
+
+  # Arguments
+  #
+  # Additional arguments to pass to the Traefik container
+  args:
+    entryPoints.http.address: ":80"
+    entryPoints.http.forwardedHeaders.insecure: true
+    accesslog: true
+    accesslog.format: json
+
+  # Options
+  #
+  # Additional options to pass to `docker run`
+  options:
+    cpus: 2
+
+  # Environment variables
+  #
+  # See kamal docs env
+  env:
+    ...
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/env.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/env.rb
@@ -1,29 +1,36 @@
 class Kamal::Configuration::Env
  include Kamal::Configuration::Validation

-  attr_reader :context, :secrets
-  attr_reader :clear, :secret_keys
+  attr_reader :secrets_keys, :clear, :secrets_file, :context
  delegate :argumentize, to: Kamal::Utils

-  def initialize(config:, secrets:, context: "env")
+  def initialize(config:, secrets_file: nil, context: "env")
    @clear = config.fetch("clear", config.key?("secret") || config.key?("tags") ? {} : config)
-    @secrets = secrets
-    @secret_keys = config.fetch("secret", [])
+    @secrets_keys = config.fetch("secret", [])
+    @secrets_file = secrets_file
    @context = context
    validate! config, context: context, with: Kamal::Configuration::Validator::Env
  end

-  def clear_args
-    argumentize("--env", clear)
+  def args
+    [ "--env-file", secrets_file, *argumentize("--env", clear) ]
  end

  def secrets_io
-    Kamal::EnvFile.new(secret_keys.to_h { |key| [ key, secrets[key] ] }).to_io
+    StringIO.new(Kamal::EnvFile.new(secrets).to_s)
+  end
+
+  def secrets
+    @secrets ||= secrets_keys.to_h { |key| [ key, ENV.fetch(key) ] }
+  end
+
+  def secrets_directory
+    File.dirname(secrets_file)
  end

  def merge(other)
    self.class.new \
-      config: { "clear" => clear.merge(other.clear), "secret" => secret_keys | other.secret_keys },
-      secrets: secrets
+      config: { "clear" => clear.merge(other.clear), "secret" => secrets_keys | other.secrets_keys },
+      secrets_file: secrets_file || other.secrets_file
  end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/env/tag.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/env/tag.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 class Kamal::Configuration::Env::Tag
-  attr_reader :name, :config, :secrets
+  attr_reader :name, :config

-  def initialize(name, config:, secrets:)
+  def initialize(name, config:)
    @name = name
    @config = config
-    @secrets = secrets
  end

  def env
-    Kamal::Configuration::Env.new(config: config, secrets: secrets)
+    Kamal::Configuration::Env.new(config: config)
  end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/healthcheck.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/healthcheck.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+class Kamal::Configuration::Healthcheck
+  include Kamal::Configuration::Validation
+
+  attr_reader :healthcheck_config
+
+  def initialize(healthcheck_config:, context: "healthcheck")
+    @healthcheck_config = healthcheck_config || {}
+    validate! @healthcheck_config, context: context
+  end
+
+  def merge(other)
+    self.class.new healthcheck_config: healthcheck_config.deep_merge(other.healthcheck_config)
+  end
+
+  def cmd
+    healthcheck_config.fetch("cmd", http_health_check)
+  end
+
+  def port
+    healthcheck_config.fetch("port", 3000)
+  end
+
+  def path
+    healthcheck_config.fetch("path", "/up")
+  end
+
+  def max_attempts
+    healthcheck_config.fetch("max_attempts", 7)
+  end
+
+  def interval
+    healthcheck_config.fetch("interval", "1s")
+  end
+
+  def cord
+    healthcheck_config.fetch("cord", "/tmp/kamal-cord")
+  end
+
+  def log_lines
+    healthcheck_config.fetch("log_lines", 50)
+  end
+
+  def set_port_or_path?
+    healthcheck_config["port"].present? || healthcheck_config["path"].present?
+  end
+
+  def to_h
+    {
+      "cmd" => cmd,
+      "interval" => interval,
+      "max_attempts" => max_attempts,
+      "port" => port,
+      "path" => path,
+      "cord" => cord,
+      "log_lines" => log_lines
+    }
+  end
+
+  private
+    def http_health_check
+      "curl -f #{URI.join("http://localhost:#{port}", path)} || exit 1" if path.present? || port.present?
+    end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/proxy.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/proxy.rb
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Configuration::Proxy
-  include Kamal::Configuration::Validation
-
-  DEFAULT_LOG_REQUEST_HEADERS = [ "Cache-Control", "Last-Modified", "User-Agent" ]
-  CONTAINER_NAME = "kamal-proxy"
-
-  delegate :argumentize, :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils
-
-  attr_reader :config, :proxy_config
-
-  def initialize(config:, proxy_config:, context: "proxy")
-    @config = config
-    @proxy_config = proxy_config
-    validate! @proxy_config, with: Kamal::Configuration::Validator::Proxy, context: context
-  end
-
-  def app_port
-    proxy_config.fetch("app_port", 80)
-  end
-
-  def ssl?
-    proxy_config.fetch("ssl", false)
-  end
-
-  def host
-    proxy_config["host"]
-  end
-
-  def deploy_options
-    {
-      host: proxy_config["host"],
-      tls: proxy_config["ssl"],
-      "deploy-timeout": seconds_duration(config.deploy_timeout),
-      "drain-timeout": seconds_duration(config.drain_timeout),
-      "health-check-interval": seconds_duration(proxy_config.dig("healthcheck", "interval")),
-      "health-check-timeout": seconds_duration(proxy_config.dig("healthcheck", "timeout")),
-      "health-check-path": proxy_config.dig("healthcheck", "path"),
-      "target-timeout": seconds_duration(proxy_config["response_timeout"]),
-      "buffer-requests": proxy_config.fetch("buffering", { "requests": true }).fetch("requests", true),
-      "buffer-responses": proxy_config.fetch("buffering", { "responses": true }).fetch("responses", true),
-      "buffer-memory": proxy_config.dig("buffering", "memory"),
-      "max-request-body": proxy_config.dig("buffering", "max_request_body"),
-      "max-response-body": proxy_config.dig("buffering", "max_response_body"),
-      "forward-headers": proxy_config.dig("forward_headers"),
-      "log-request-header": proxy_config.dig("logging", "request_headers") || DEFAULT_LOG_REQUEST_HEADERS,
-      "log-response-header": proxy_config.dig("logging", "response_headers")
-    }.compact
-  end
-
-  def deploy_command_args(target:)
-    optionize ({ target: "#{target}:#{app_port}" }).merge(deploy_options)
-  end
-
-  def remove_command_args(target:)
-    optionize({ target: "#{target}:#{app_port}" })
-  end
-
-  def merge(other)
-    self.class.new config: config, proxy_config: proxy_config.deep_merge(other.proxy_config)
-  end
-
-  private
-    def seconds_duration(value)
-      value ? "#{value}s" : nil
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/registry.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/registry.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 class Kamal::Configuration::Registry
  include Kamal::Configuration::Validation

-  attr_reader :registry_config, :secrets
+  attr_reader :registry_config

  def initialize(config:)
    @registry_config = config.raw_config.registry || {}
-    @secrets = config.secrets
    validate! registry_config, with: Kamal::Configuration::Validator::Registry
  end

@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Registry
  private
    def lookup(key)
      if registry_config[key].is_a?(Array)
-        secrets[registry_config[key].first]
+        ENV.fetch(registry_config[key].first).dup
      else
        registry_config[key]
      end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/role.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/role.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 class Kamal::Configuration::Role
  include Kamal::Configuration::Validation

+  CORD_FILE = "cord"
  delegate :argumentize, :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils

-  attr_reader :name, :config, :specialized_env, :specialized_logging, :specialized_proxy
+  attr_reader :name, :config, :specialized_env, :specialized_logging, :specialized_healthcheck

  alias to_s name

@@ -17,14 +18,16 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role

    @specialized_env = Kamal::Configuration::Env.new \
      config: specializations.fetch("env", {}),
-      secrets: config.secrets,
+      secrets_file: File.join(config.host_env_directory, "roles", "#{container_prefix}.env"),
      context: "servers/#{name}/env"

    @specialized_logging = Kamal::Configuration::Logging.new \
      logging_config: specializations.fetch("logging", {}),
      context: "servers/#{name}/logging"

-    initialize_specialized_proxy
+    @specialized_healthcheck = Kamal::Configuration::Healthcheck.new \
+      healthcheck_config: specializations.fetch("healthcheck", {}),
+      context: "servers/#{name}/healthcheck"
  end

  def primary_host
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
  end

  def labels
-    default_labels.merge(custom_labels)
+    default_labels.merge(traefik_labels).merge(custom_labels)
  end

  def label_args
@@ -67,24 +70,6 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
    @logging ||= config.logging.merge(specialized_logging)
  end

-  def proxy
-    @proxy ||= config.proxy.merge(specialized_proxy) if running_proxy?
-  end
-
-  def running_proxy?
-    @running_proxy
-  end
-
-  def ssl?
-    running_proxy? && proxy.ssl?
-  end
-
-  def stop_args
-    # When deploying with the proxy, kamal-proxy will drain request before returning so we don't need to wait.
-    timeout = running_proxy? ? nil : config.drain_timeout
-
-    [ *argumentize("-t", timeout) ]
-  end

  def env(host)
    @envs ||= {}
@@ -92,19 +77,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
  end

  def env_args(host)
-    [ *env(host).clear_args, *argumentize("--env-file", secrets_path) ]
-  end
-
-  def env_directory
-    File.join(config.env_directory, "roles")
-  end
-
-  def secrets_io(host)
-    env(host).secrets_io
-  end
-
-  def secrets_path
-    File.join(config.env_directory, "roles", "#{name}.env")
+    env(host).args
  end

  def asset_volume_args
@@ -112,8 +85,72 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
  end


+  def health_check_args(cord: true)
+    if running_traefik? || healthcheck.set_port_or_path?
+      if cord && uses_cord?
+        optionize({ "health-cmd" => health_check_cmd_with_cord, "health-interval" => healthcheck.interval })
+          .concat(cord_volume.docker_args)
+      else
+        optionize({ "health-cmd" => healthcheck.cmd, "health-interval" => healthcheck.interval })
+      end
+    else
+      []
+    end
+  end
+
+  def healthcheck
+    @healthcheck ||=
+      if running_traefik?
+        config.healthcheck.merge(specialized_healthcheck)
+      else
+        specialized_healthcheck
+      end
+  end
+
+  def health_check_cmd_with_cord
+    "(#{healthcheck.cmd}) && (stat #{cord_container_file} > /dev/null || exit 1)"
+  end
+
+
+  def running_traefik?
+    if specializations["traefik"].nil?
+      primary?
+    else
+      specializations["traefik"]
+    end
+  end
+
  def primary?
-    name == @config.primary_role_name
+    self == @config.primary_role
+  end
+
+
+  def uses_cord?
+    running_traefik? && cord_volume && healthcheck.cmd.present?
+  end
+
+  def cord_host_directory
+    File.join config.run_directory_as_docker_volume, "cords", [ container_prefix, config.run_id ].join("-")
+  end
+
+  def cord_volume
+    if (cord = healthcheck.cord)
+      @cord_volume ||= Kamal::Configuration::Volume.new \
+        host_path: File.join(config.run_directory, "cords", [ container_prefix, config.run_id ].join("-")),
+        container_path: cord
+    end
+  end
+
+  def cord_host_file
+    File.join cord_volume.host_path, CORD_FILE
+  end
+
+  def cord_container_directory
+    health_check_options.fetch("cord", nil)
+  end
+
+  def cord_container_file
+    File.join cord_volume.container_path, CORD_FILE
  end


@@ -131,52 +168,25 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
  end

  def assets?
-    asset_path.present? && running_proxy?
+    asset_path.present? && running_traefik?
  end

-  def asset_volume(version = config.version)
+  def asset_volume(version = nil)
    if assets?
      Kamal::Configuration::Volume.new \
-        host_path: asset_volume_directory(version), container_path: asset_path
+        host_path: asset_volume_path(version), container_path: asset_path
    end
  end

-  def asset_extracted_directory(version = config.version)
-    File.join config.assets_directory, "extracted", [ name, version ].join("-")
+  def asset_extracted_path(version = nil)
+    File.join config.run_directory, "assets", "extracted", container_name(version)
  end

-  def asset_volume_directory(version = config.version)
-    File.join config.assets_directory, "volumes", [ name, version ].join("-")
-  end
-
-  def ensure_one_host_for_ssl
-    if running_proxy? && proxy.ssl? && hosts.size > 1
-      raise Kamal::ConfigurationError, "SSL is only supported on a single server, found #{hosts.size} servers for role #{name}"
-    end
+  def asset_volume_path(version = nil)
+    File.join config.run_directory, "assets", "volumes", container_name(version)
  end

  private
-    def initialize_specialized_proxy
-      proxy_specializations = specializations["proxy"]
-
-      if primary?
-        # only false means no proxy for non-primary roles
-        @running_proxy = proxy_specializations != false
-      else
-        # false and nil both mean no proxy for non-primary roles
-        @running_proxy = !!proxy_specializations
-      end
-
-      if running_proxy?
-        proxy_config = proxy_specializations == true || proxy_specializations.nil? ? {} : proxy_specializations
-
-        @specialized_proxy = Kamal::Configuration::Proxy.new \
-          config: config,
-          proxy_config: proxy_config,
-          context: "servers/#{name}/proxy"
-      end
-    end
-
    def tagged_hosts
      {}.tap do |tagged_hosts|
        extract_hosts_from_config.map do |host_config|
@@ -211,6 +221,27 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
      end
    end

+    def traefik_labels
+      if running_traefik?
+        {
+          # Setting a service property ensures that the generated service name will be consistent between versions
+          "traefik.http.services.#{traefik_service}.loadbalancer.server.scheme" => "http",
+
+          "traefik.http.routers.#{traefik_service}.rule" => "PathPrefix(`/`)",
+          "traefik.http.routers.#{traefik_service}.priority" => "2",
+          "traefik.http.middlewares.#{traefik_service}-retry.retry.attempts" => "5",
+          "traefik.http.middlewares.#{traefik_service}-retry.retry.initialinterval" => "500ms",
+          "traefik.http.routers.#{traefik_service}.middlewares" => "#{traefik_service}-retry@docker"
+        }
+      else
+        {}
+      end
+    end
+
+    def traefik_service
+      container_prefix
+    end
+
    def custom_labels
      Hash.new.tap do |labels|
        labels.merge!(config.labels) if config.labels.present?
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/traefik.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/traefik.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+class Kamal::Configuration::Traefik
+  DEFAULT_IMAGE = "traefik:v2.11"
+  CONTAINER_PORT = 80
+  DEFAULT_ARGS = {
+    "log.level" => "DEBUG"
+  }
+  DEFAULT_LABELS = {
+    # These ensure we serve a 502 rather than a 404 if no containers are available
+    "traefik.http.routers.catchall.entryPoints" => "http",
+    "traefik.http.routers.catchall.rule" => "PathPrefix(`/`)",
+    "traefik.http.routers.catchall.service" => "unavailable",
+    "traefik.http.routers.catchall.priority" => 1,
+    "traefik.http.services.unavailable.loadbalancer.server.port" => "0"
+  }
+
+  include Kamal::Configuration::Validation
+
+  attr_reader :config, :traefik_config
+
+  def initialize(config:)
+    @config = config
+    @traefik_config = config.raw_config.traefik || {}
+    validate! traefik_config
+  end
+
+  def publish?
+    traefik_config["publish"] != false
+  end
+
+  def labels
+    DEFAULT_LABELS.merge(traefik_config["labels"] || {})
+  end
+
+  def env
+    Kamal::Configuration::Env.new \
+      config: traefik_config.fetch("env", {}),
+      secrets_file: File.join(config.host_env_directory, "traefik", "traefik.env"),
+      context: "traefik/env"
+  end
+
+  def host_port
+    traefik_config.fetch("host_port", CONTAINER_PORT)
+  end
+
+  def options
+    traefik_config.fetch("options", {})
+  end
+
+  def port
+    "#{host_port}:#{CONTAINER_PORT}"
+  end
+
+  def args
+    DEFAULT_ARGS.merge(traefik_config.fetch("args", {}))
+  end
+
+  def image
+    traefik_config.fetch("image", DEFAULT_IMAGE)
+  end
+end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/validator.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/validator.rb
@@ -13,40 +13,32 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Validator

  private
    def validate_against_example!(validation_config, example)
-      validate_type! validation_config, example.class
+      validate_type! validation_config, Hash

-      if example.class == Hash
-        check_unknown_keys! validation_config, example
+      check_unknown_keys! validation_config, example

-        validation_config.each do |key, value|
-          next if extension?(key)
-          with_context(key) do
-            example_value = example[key]
+      validation_config.each do |key, value|
+        next if extension?(key)
+        with_context(key) do
+          example_value = example[key]

-            if example_value == "..."
-              unless key.to_s == "proxy" && boolean?(value.class)
-                validate_type! value, *(Array if key == :servers), Hash
-              end
-            elsif key == "hosts"
-              validate_servers! value
-            elsif example_value.is_a?(Array)
-              if key == "arch"
-                validate_array_of_or_type! value, example_value.first.class
-              else
-                validate_array_of! value, example_value.first.class
-              end
-            elsif example_value.is_a?(Hash)
-              case key.to_s
-              when "options", "args"
-                validate_type! value, Hash
-              when "labels"
-                validate_hash_of! value, example_value.first[1].class
-              else
-                validate_against_example! value, example_value
-              end
+          if example_value == "..."
+            validate_type! value, *(Array if key == :servers), Hash
+          elsif key == "hosts"
+            validate_servers! value
+          elsif example_value.is_a?(Array)
+            validate_array_of! value, example_value.first.class
+          elsif example_value.is_a?(Hash)
+            case key.to_s
+            when "options", "args"
+              validate_type! value, Hash
+            when "labels"
+              validate_hash_of! value, example_value.first[1].class
            else
-              validate_type! value, example_value.class
+              validate_against_example! value, example_value
            end
+          else
+            validate_type! value, example_value.class
          end
        end
      end
@@ -77,16 +69,6 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Validator
      value.is_a?(String) || value.is_a?(Symbol) || value.is_a?(Numeric) || value.is_a?(TrueClass) || value.is_a?(FalseClass)
    end

-    def validate_array_of_or_type!(value, type)
-      if value.is_a?(Array)
-        validate_array_of! value, type
-      else
-        validate_type! value, type
-      end
-    rescue Kamal::ConfigurationError
-      type_error(Array, type)
-    end
-
    def validate_array_of!(array, type)
      validate_type! array, Array

--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/validator/alias.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/validator/alias.rb
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Configuration::Validator::Alias < Kamal::Configuration::Validator
-  def validate!
-    super
-
-    name = context.delete_prefix("aliases/")
-
-    if name !~ /\A[a-z0-9_-]+\z/
-      error "Invalid alias name: '#{name}'. Must only contain lowercase letters, alphanumeric, hyphens and underscores."
-    end
-
-    if Kamal::Cli::Main.commands.include?(name)
-      error "Alias '#{name}' conflicts with a built-in command."
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/validator/builder.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/validator/builder.rb
@@ -5,9 +5,5 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Validator::Builder < Kamal::Configuration::Validator
    if config["cache"] && config["cache"]["type"]
      error "Invalid cache type: #{config["cache"]["type"]}" unless [ "gha", "registry" ].include?(config["cache"]["type"])
    end
-
-    error "Builder arch not set" unless config["arch"].present?
-
-    error "Cannot disable local builds, no remote is set" if config["local"] == false && config["remote"].blank?
  end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/configuration/validator/proxy.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/configuration/validator/proxy.rb
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Configuration::Validator::Proxy < Kamal::Configuration::Validator
-  def validate!
-    unless config.nil?
-      super
-
-      if config["host"].blank? && config["ssl"]
-        error "Must set a host to enable automatic SSL"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/env_file.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/env_file.rb
@@ -15,10 +15,6 @@ class Kamal::EnvFile
    env_file.presence || "\n"
  end

-  def to_io
-    StringIO.new(to_s)
-  end
-
  alias to_str to_s

  private
--- a/lib/kamal/secrets.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/secrets.rb
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-require "dotenv"
-
-class Kamal::Secrets
-  attr_reader :secrets_files
-
-  Kamal::Secrets::Dotenv::InlineCommandSubstitution.install!
-
-  def initialize(destination: nil)
-    @secrets_files = \
-      [ ".kamal/secrets-common", ".kamal/secrets#{(".#{destination}" if destination)}" ].select { |f| File.exist?(f) }
-    @mutex = Mutex.new
-  end
-
-  def [](key)
-    # Fetching secrets may ask the user for input, so ensure only one thread does that
-    @mutex.synchronize do
-      secrets.fetch(key)
-    end
-  rescue KeyError
-    if secrets_files
-      raise Kamal::ConfigurationError, "Secret '#{key}' not found in #{secrets_files.join(", ")}"
-    else
-      raise Kamal::ConfigurationError, "Secret '#{key}' not found, no secret files provided"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def to_h
-    secrets
-  end
-
-  private
-    def secrets
-      @secrets ||= secrets_files.inject({}) do |secrets, secrets_file|
-        secrets.merge!(::Dotenv.parse(secrets_file))
-      end
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters.rb
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-require "active_support/core_ext/string/inflections"
-module Kamal::Secrets::Adapters
-  def self.lookup(name)
-    name = "one_password" if name.downcase == "1password"
-    name = "last_pass" if name.downcase == "lastpass"
-    adapter_class(name)
-  end
-
-  def self.adapter_class(name)
-    Object.const_get("Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::#{name.camelize}").new
-  rescue NameError => e
-    raise RuntimeError, "Unknown secrets adapter: #{name}"
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/base.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/base.rb
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::Base
-  delegate :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils
-
-  def fetch(secrets, account:, from: nil)
-    session = login(account)
-    full_secrets = secrets.map { |secret| [ from, secret ].compact.join("/") }
-    fetch_secrets(full_secrets, account: account, session: session)
-  end
-
-  private
-    def login(...)
-      raise NotImplementedError
-    end
-
-    def fetch_secrets(...)
-      raise NotImplementedError
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/bitwarden.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/bitwarden.rb
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::Bitwarden < Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::Base
-  private
-    def login(account)
-      status = run_command("status")
-
-      if status["status"] == "unauthenticated"
-        run_command("login #{account.shellescape}", raw: true)
-        status = run_command("status")
-      end
-
-      if status["status"] == "locked"
-        session = run_command("unlock --raw", raw: true).presence
-        status = run_command("status", session: session)
-      end
-
-      raise RuntimeError, "Failed to login to and unlock Bitwarden" unless status["status"] == "unlocked"
-
-      run_command("sync", session: session, raw: true)
-      raise RuntimeError, "Failed to sync Bitwarden" unless $?.success?
-
-      session
-    end
-
-    def fetch_secrets(secrets, account:, session:)
-      {}.tap do |results|
-        items_fields(secrets).each do |item, fields|
-          item_json = run_command("get item #{item.shellescape}", session: session, raw: true)
-          raise RuntimeError, "Could not read #{secret} from Bitwarden" unless $?.success?
-          item_json = JSON.parse(item_json)
-
-          if fields.any?
-            fields.each do |field|
-              item_field = item_json["fields"].find { |f| f["name"] == field }
-              raise RuntimeError, "Could not find field #{field} in item #{item} in Bitwarden" unless item_field
-              value = item_field["value"]
-              results["#{item}/#{field}"] = value
-            end
-          else
-            results[item] = item_json["login"]["password"]
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def items_fields(secrets)
-      {}.tap do |items|
-        secrets.each do |secret|
-          item, field = secret.split("/")
-          items[item] ||= []
-          items[item] << field
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def signedin?(account)
-      run_command("status")["status"] != "unauthenticated"
-    end
-
-    def run_command(command, session: nil, raw: false)
-      full_command = [ *("BW_SESSION=#{session.shellescape}" if session), "bw", command ].join(" ")
-      result = `#{full_command}`.strip
-      raw ? result : JSON.parse(result)
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/last_pass.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/last_pass.rb
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::LastPass < Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::Base
-  private
-    def login(account)
-      unless loggedin?(account)
-        `lpass login #{account.shellescape}`
-        raise RuntimeError, "Failed to login to 1Password" unless $?.success?
-      end
-    end
-
-    def loggedin?(account)
-      `lpass status --color never`.strip == "Logged in as #{account}."
-    end
-
-    def fetch_secrets(secrets, account:, session:)
-      items = `lpass show #{secrets.map(&:shellescape).join(" ")} --json`
-      raise RuntimeError, "Could not read #{secrets} from 1Password" unless $?.success?
-
-      items = JSON.parse(items)
-
-      {}.tap do |results|
-        items.each do |item|
-          results[item["fullname"]] = item["password"]
-        end
-
-        if (missing_items = secrets - results.keys).any?
-          raise RuntimeError, "Could not find #{missing_items.join(", ")} in LassPass"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/one_password.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/one_password.rb
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::OnePassword < Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::Base
-  delegate :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils
-
-  private
-    def login(account)
-      unless loggedin?(account)
-        `op signin #{to_options(account: account, force: true, raw: true)}`.tap do
-          raise RuntimeError, "Failed to login to 1Password" unless $?.success?
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def loggedin?(account)
-      `op account get --account #{account.shellescape} 2> /dev/null`
-      $?.success?
-    end
-
-    def fetch_secrets(secrets, account:, session:)
-      {}.tap do |results|
-        vaults_items_fields(secrets).map do |vault, items|
-          items.each do |item, fields|
-            fields_json = JSON.parse(op_item_get(vault, item, fields, account: account, session: session))
-            fields_json = [ fields_json ] if fields.one?
-
-            fields_json.each do |field_json|
-              # The reference is in the form `op://vault/item/field[/field]`
-              field = field_json["reference"].delete_prefix("op://").delete_suffix("/password")
-              results[field] = field_json["value"]
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def to_options(**options)
-      optionize(options.compact).join(" ")
-    end
-
-    def vaults_items_fields(secrets)
-      {}.tap do |vaults|
-        secrets.each do |secret|
-          secret = secret.delete_prefix("op://")
-          vault, item, *fields = secret.split("/")
-          fields << "password" if fields.empty?
-
-          vaults[vault] ||= {}
-          vaults[vault][item] ||= []
-          vaults[vault][item] << fields.join(".")
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def op_item_get(vault, item, fields, account:, session:)
-      labels = fields.map { |field| "label=#{field}" }.join(",")
-      options = to_options(vault: vault, fields: labels, format: "json", account: account, session: session.presence)
-
-      `op item get #{item.shellescape} #{options}`.tap do
-        raise RuntimeError, "Could not read #{fields.join(", ")} from #{item} in the #{vault} 1Password vault" unless $?.success?
-      end
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/test.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/secrets/adapters/test.rb
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::Test < Kamal::Secrets::Adapters::Base
-  private
-    def login(account)
-      true
-    end
-
-    def fetch_secrets(secrets, account:, session:)
-      secrets.to_h { |secret| [ secret, secret.reverse ] }
-    end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/secrets/dotenv/inline_command_substitution.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/secrets/dotenv/inline_command_substitution.rb
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-class Kamal::Secrets::Dotenv::InlineCommandSubstitution
-  class << self
-    def install!
-      ::Dotenv::Parser.substitutions.map! { |sub| sub == ::Dotenv::Substitutions::Command ? self : sub }
-    end
-
-    def call(value, _env, overwrite: false)
-      # Process interpolated shell commands
-      value.gsub(Dotenv::Substitutions::Command.singleton_class::INTERPOLATED_SHELL_COMMAND) do |*|
-        # Eliminate opening and closing parentheses
-        command = $LAST_MATCH_INFO[:cmd][1..-2]
-
-        if $LAST_MATCH_INFO[:backslash]
-          # Command is escaped, don't replace it.
-          $LAST_MATCH_INFO[0][1..]
-        else
-          if command =~ /\A\s*kamal\s*secrets\s+/
-            # Inline the command
-            inline_secrets_command(command)
-          else
-            # Execute the command and return the value
-            `#{command}`.chomp
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def inline_secrets_command(command)
-      Kamal::Cli::Main.start(command.shellsplit[1..] + [ "--inline" ]).chomp
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/kamal/sshkit_with_ext.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/sshkit_with_ext.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ require "sshkit/dsl"
 require "net/scp"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge"
 require "json"
-require "concurrent/atomic/semaphore"

 class SSHKit::Backend::Abstract
  def capture_with_info(*args, **kwargs)
--- a/lib/kamal/utils.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/utils.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
-
 module Kamal::Utils
  extend self

@@ -56,12 +54,6 @@ module Kamal::Utils

  # Escape a value to make it safe for shell use.
  def escape_shell_value(value)
-    value.to_s.scan(/[\x00-\x7F]+|[^\x00-\x7F]+/) \
-      .map { |part| part.ascii_only? ? escape_ascii_shell_value(part) : part }
-      .join
-  end
-
-  def escape_ascii_shell_value(value)
    value.to_s.dump
      .gsub(/`/, '\\\\`')
      .gsub(DOLLAR_SIGN_WITHOUT_SHELL_EXPANSION_REGEX, '\$')
@@ -85,24 +77,4 @@ module Kamal::Utils
  def stable_sort!(elements, &block)
    elements.sort_by!.with_index { |element, index| [ block.call(element), index ] }
  end
-
-  def join_commands(commands)
-    commands.map(&:strip).join(" ")
-  end
-
-  def docker_arch
-    arch = `docker info --format '{{.Architecture}}'`.strip
-    case arch
-    when /aarch64/
-      "arm64"
-    when /x86_64/
-      "amd64"
-    else
-      arch
-    end
-  end
-
-  def older_version?(version, other_version)
-    Gem::Version.new(version.delete_prefix("v")) < Gem::Version.new(other_version.delete_prefix("v"))
-  end
 end
--- a/lib/kamal/version.rb
+++ b/lib/kamal/version.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module Kamal
-  VERSION = "2.0.0.beta1"
+  VERSION = "1.9.3"
 end
--- a/test/cli/accessory_test.rb
+++ b/test/cli/accessory_test.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
 require_relative "cli_test_case"

 class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
-  setup do
-    setup_test_secrets("secrets" => "MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret")
-  end
-
-  teardown do
-    teardown_test_secrets
-  end
-
  test "boot" do
    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:directories).with("mysql")
    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:upload).with("mysql")

    run_command("boot", "mysql").tap do |output|
      assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.3/, output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/mysql.env --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
    end
  end

@@ -29,12 +21,9 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
      assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.3/, output
      assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.1/, output
      assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.2/, output
-      assert_match /docker network create kamal.*on 1.1.1.1/, output
-      assert_match /docker network create kamal.*on 1.1.1.2/, output
-      assert_match /docker network create kamal.*on 1.1.1.3/, output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/mysql.env --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.1", output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.2", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.2", output
    end
  end

@@ -54,7 +43,7 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
    Kamal::Commands::Registry.any_instance.expects(:login)
    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:stop).with("mysql")
    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:remove_container).with("mysql")
-    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:boot).with("mysql", prepare: false)
+    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:boot).with("mysql", login: false)

    run_command("reboot", "mysql")
  end
@@ -63,10 +52,10 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
    Kamal::Commands::Registry.any_instance.expects(:login).times(3)
    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:stop).with("mysql")
    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:remove_container).with("mysql")
-    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:boot).with("mysql", prepare: false)
+    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:boot).with("mysql", login: false)
    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:stop).with("redis")
    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:remove_container).with("redis")
-    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:boot).with("redis", prepare: false)
+    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:boot).with("redis", login: false)

    run_command("reboot", "all")
  end
@@ -203,8 +192,8 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
    run_command("boot", "redis", "--hosts", "1.1.1.1").tap do |output|
      assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.1/, output
      assert_no_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.2/, output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.1", output
-      assert_no_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.2", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_no_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.2", output
    end
  end

@@ -215,32 +204,29 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
    run_command("boot", "redis", "--hosts", "1.1.1.1,1.1.1.3").tap do |output|
      assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.1/, output
      assert_no_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.3/, output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.1", output
-      assert_no_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_no_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.3", output
    end
  end

-  test "upgrade" do
-    run_command("upgrade", "-y", "all").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "Upgrading all accessories on 1.1.1.3,1.1.1.1,1.1.1.2...", output
-      assert_match "docker network create kamal on 1.1.1.3", output
+  test "downgrade" do
+    run_command("downgrade", "-y", "all").tap do |output|
+      assert_match "Downgrading all accessories on 1.1.1.3,1.1.1.1,1.1.1.2...", output
      assert_match "docker container stop app-mysql on 1.1.1.3", output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST="%" --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/mysql.env --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
-      assert_match "Upgraded all accessories on 1.1.1.3,1.1.1.1,1.1.1.2...", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "Downgraded all accessories on 1.1.1.3,1.1.1.1,1.1.1.2", output
    end
  end

-  test "upgrade rolling" do
-    run_command("upgrade", "--rolling", "-y", "all").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "Upgrading all accessories on 1.1.1.3...", output
-      assert_match "docker network create kamal on 1.1.1.3", output
+  test "downgrade rolling" do
+    run_command("downgrade", "--rolling", "-y", "all").tap do |output|
+      assert_match "Downgrading all accessories on 1.1.1.3...", output
      assert_match "docker container stop app-mysql on 1.1.1.3", output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --network kamal --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST="%" --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/accessories/mysql.env --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
-      assert_match "Upgraded all accessories on 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "Downgraded all accessories on 1.1.1.3", output
    end
  end

-
  private
    def run_command(*command)
      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Accessory.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml" ]) }
--- a/test/cli/app_test.rb
+++ b/test/cli/app_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
    stub_running
    run_command("boot").tap do |output|
      assert_match "docker tag dhh/app:latest dhh/app:latest", output
-      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --network kamal --hostname 1.1.1.1-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
+      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --hostname 1.1.1.1-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
      assert_match "docker container ls --all --filter name=^app-web-123$ --quiet | xargs docker stop", output
    end
  end
@@ -18,18 +18,26 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
      .returns("12345678") # running version

+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+      .returns("running") # health check
+
    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
      .with(:sh, "-c", "'docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --filter ancestor=$(docker image ls --filter reference=dhh/app:latest --format '\\''{{.ID}}'\\'') ; docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting'", "|", :head, "-1", "|", "while read line; do echo ${line#app-web-}; done", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
      .returns("123") # old version

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet")
-      .returns("12345678") # running version
+      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-123", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
+      .returns("cordfile") # old version
+
+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-123$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+      .returns("unhealthy") # old version unhealthy

    run_command("boot").tap do |output|
      assert_match /Renaming container .* to .* as already deployed on 1.1.1.1/, output # Rename
      assert_match /docker rename app-web-latest app-web-latest_replaced_[0-9a-f]{16}/, output
-      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --network kamal --hostname 1.1.1.1-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
+      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --hostname 1.1.1.1-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
      assert_match "docker container ls --all --filter name=^app-web-123$ --quiet | xargs docker stop", output
    end
  ensure
@@ -37,7 +45,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
  end

  test "boot uses group strategy when specified" do
-    Kamal::Cli::App.any_instance.stubs(:on).with("1.1.1.1").times(2) # ensure locks dir, acquire & release lock
+    Kamal::Cli::App.any_instance.stubs(:on).with("1.1.1.1").times(3) # ensure locks dir, acquire & release lock
    Kamal::Cli::App.any_instance.stubs(:on).with([ "1.1.1.1" ]) # tag container

    # Strategy is used when booting the containers
@@ -62,21 +70,25 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
      .returns("12345678") # running version

+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+      .returns("running") # health check
+
    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
      .with(:sh, "-c", "'docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --filter ancestor=$(docker image ls --filter reference=dhh/app:latest --format '\\''{{.ID}}'\\'') ; docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting'", "|", :head, "-1", "|", "while read line; do echo ${line#app-web-}; done", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
      .returns("123").twice # old version

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet")
-      .returns("12345678") # running version
+      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-123", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
+      .returns("") # old version

    run_command("boot", config: :with_assets).tap do |output|
      assert_match "docker tag dhh/app:latest dhh/app:latest", output
-      assert_match "/usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/apps/app/assets/volumes/web-latest ; cp -rnT .kamal/apps/app/assets/extracted/web-latest .kamal/apps/app/assets/volumes/web-latest ; cp -rnT .kamal/apps/app/assets/extracted/web-latest .kamal/apps/app/assets/volumes/web-123 || true ; cp -rnT .kamal/apps/app/assets/extracted/web-123 .kamal/apps/app/assets/volumes/web-latest || true", output
-      assert_match "/usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/apps/app/assets/extracted/web-latest && docker stop -t 1 app-web-assets 2> /dev/null || true && docker run --name app-web-assets --detach --rm --entrypoint sleep dhh/app:latest 1000000 && docker cp -L app-web-assets:/public/assets/. .kamal/apps/app/assets/extracted/web-latest && docker stop -t 1 app-web-assets", output
-      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --network kamal --hostname 1.1.1.1-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
+      assert_match "/usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-latest ; cp -rnT .kamal/assets/extracted/app-web-latest .kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-latest ; cp -rnT .kamal/assets/extracted/app-web-latest .kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-123 || true ; cp -rnT .kamal/assets/extracted/app-web-123 .kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-latest || true", output
+      assert_match "/usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/assets/extracted/app-web-latest && docker stop -t 1 app-web-assets 2> /dev/null || true && docker run --name app-web-assets --detach --rm dhh/app:latest sleep 1000000 && docker cp -L app-web-assets:/public/assets/. .kamal/assets/extracted/app-web-latest && docker stop -t 1 app-web-assets", output
+      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --hostname 1.1.1.1-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
      assert_match "docker container ls --all --filter name=^app-web-123$ --quiet | xargs docker stop", output
-      assert_match "/usr/bin/env find .kamal/apps/app/assets/extracted -maxdepth 1 -name 'web-*' ! -name web-latest -exec rm -rf \"{}\" + ; find .kamal/apps/app/assets/volumes -maxdepth 1 -name 'web-*' ! -name web-latest -exec rm -rf \"{}\" +", output
+      assert_match "/usr/bin/env find .kamal/assets/extracted -maxdepth 1 -name 'app-web-*' ! -name app-web-latest -exec rm -rf \"{}\" + ; find .kamal/assets/volumes -maxdepth 1 -name 'app-web-*' ! -name app-web-latest -exec rm -rf \"{}\" +", output
    end
  end

@@ -84,20 +96,24 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
    Object.any_instance.stubs(:sleep)

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
-      .returns("12345678") # running version
+    .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
+    .returns("12345678") # running version

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet")
-      .returns("12345678") # running version
+      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+      .returns("running") # health check

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
      .with(:sh, "-c", "'docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --filter ancestor=$(docker image ls --filter reference=dhh/app:latest --format '\\''{{.ID}}'\\'') ; docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting'", "|", :head, "-1", "|", "while read line; do echo ${line#app-web-}; done", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
      .returns("123") # old version

+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-123", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
+      .returns("") # old version
+
    run_command("boot", config: :with_env_tags).tap do |output|
      assert_match "docker tag dhh/app:latest dhh/app:latest", output
-      assert_match %r{docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --network kamal --hostname 1.1.1.1-[0-9a-f]{12} -e KAMAL_CONTAINER_NAME="app-web-latest" -e KAMAL_VERSION="latest" --env TEST="root" --env EXPERIMENT="disabled" --env SITE="site1"}, output
+      assert_match %r{docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --hostname 1.1.1.1-[0-9a-f]{12} -e KAMAL_CONTAINER_NAME="app-web-latest" -e KAMAL_VERSION="latest" --env-file .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env --env TEST="root" --env EXPERIMENT="disabled" --env SITE="site1"}, output
      assert_match "docker container ls --all --filter name=^app-web-123$ --quiet | xargs docker stop", output
    end
  end
@@ -107,6 +123,14 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:capture_with_info).returns("123") # old version

+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+      .returns("running").at_least_once # web health check passing
+
+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-123$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+      .returns("unhealthy").at_least_once # web health check failing
+
    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-workers-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
      .returns("running").at_least_once # workers health check
@@ -116,7 +140,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
      assert_match "Waiting for the first healthy web container before booting workers on 1.1.1.4...", output
      assert_match "First web container is healthy, booting workers on 1.1.1.3", output
      assert_match "First web container is healthy, booting workers on 1.1.1.4", output
-    end
+  end
  end

  test "boot with web barrier closed" do
@@ -126,11 +150,9 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:capture_with_info).returns("123") # old version

-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute).returns("")
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute)
-      .with(:docker, :exec, "kamal-proxy", "kamal-proxy", :deploy, "app-web", "--target", "\"123:80\"", "--deploy-timeout", "\"1s\"", "--drain-timeout", "\"30s\"", "--buffer-requests", "--buffer-responses", "--log-request-header", "\"Cache-Control\"", "--log-request-header", "\"Last-Modified\"", "--log-request-header", "\"User-Agent\"").raises(SSHKit::Command::Failed.new("Failed to deploy"))
+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+      .returns("unhealthy").at_least_once # web health check failing

    stderred do
      run_command("boot", config: :with_roles, host: nil, allow_execute_error: true).tap do |output|
@@ -138,59 +160,17 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
        assert_match "Waiting for the first healthy web container before booting workers on 1.1.1.4...", output
        assert_match "First web container is unhealthy, not booting workers on 1.1.1.3", output
        assert_match "First web container is unhealthy, not booting workers on 1.1.1.4", output
+        assert_match "Running docker container ls --all --filter name=^app-web-latest$ --quiet | xargs docker stop on 1.1.1.1", output
+        assert_match "Running docker container ls --all --filter name=^app-web-latest$ --quiet | xargs docker stop on 1.1.1.2", output
      end
    end
  ensure
    Thread.report_on_exception = true
  end

-  test "boot with worker errors" do
-    Thread.report_on_exception = false
-
-    Object.any_instance.stubs(:sleep)
-
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:capture_with_info).returns("123") # old version
-
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-workers-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
-      .returns("unhealthy").at_least_once # workers health check
-
-    run_command("boot", config: :with_roles, host: nil, allow_execute_error: true).tap do |output|
-      assert_match "Waiting for the first healthy web container before booting workers on 1.1.1.3...", output
-      assert_match "Waiting for the first healthy web container before booting workers on 1.1.1.4...", output
-      assert_match "First web container is healthy, booting workers on 1.1.1.3", output
-      assert_match "First web container is healthy, booting workers on 1.1.1.4", output
-      assert_match "ERROR Failed to boot workers on 1.1.1.3", output
-      assert_match "ERROR Failed to boot workers on 1.1.1.4", output
-    end
-  ensure
-    Thread.report_on_exception = true
-  end
-
-  test "boot with worker ready then not" do
-    Thread.report_on_exception = false
-
-    Object.any_instance.stubs(:sleep)
-
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:capture_with_info).returns("123") # old version
-
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-workers-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
-      .returns("running", "stopped").at_least_once # workers health check
-
-    run_command("boot", config: :with_roles, host: "1.1.1.3", allow_execute_error: true).tap do |output|
-      assert_match "ERROR Failed to boot workers on 1.1.1.3", output
-    end
-  ensure
-    Thread.report_on_exception = true
-  end
-
  test "start" do
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:capture_with_info).returns("999") # old version
-
    run_command("start").tap do |output|
      assert_match "docker start app-web-999", output
-      assert_match "docker exec kamal-proxy kamal-proxy deploy app-web --target \"999:80\" --deploy-timeout \"30s\" --drain-timeout \"30s\" --buffer-requests --buffer-responses --log-request-header \"Cache-Control\" --log-request-header \"Last-Modified\"", output
    end
  end

@@ -263,13 +243,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase

  test "exec" do
    run_command("exec", "ruby -v").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "docker run --rm --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/roles/web.env dhh/app:latest ruby -v", output
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "exec separate arguments" do
-    run_command("exec", "ruby", " -v").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "docker run --rm --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/roles/web.env dhh/app:latest ruby -v", output
+      assert_match "docker run --rm --env-file .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env dhh/app:latest ruby -v", output
    end
  end

@@ -282,7 +256,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase

  test "exec interactive" do
    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:exec)
-      .with("ssh -t root@1.1.1.1 -p 22 'docker run -it --rm --env-file .kamal/apps/app/env/roles/web.env dhh/app:latest ruby -v'")
+      .with("ssh -t root@1.1.1.1 -p 22 'docker run -it --rm --env-file .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env dhh/app:latest ruby -v'")
    run_command("exec", "-i", "ruby -v").tap do |output|
      assert_match "Get most recent version available as an image...", output
      assert_match "Launching interactive command with version latest via SSH from new container on 1.1.1.1...", output
@@ -362,7 +336,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
    hostname = "this-hostname-is-really-unacceptably-long-to-be-honest.example.com"

    stdouted { Kamal::Cli::App.start([ "boot", "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_uncommon_hostnames.yml", "--hosts", hostname ]) }.tap do |output|
-      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --network kamal --hostname this-hostname-is-really-unacceptably-long-to-be-hon-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
+      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --hostname this-hostname-is-really-unacceptably-long-to-be-hon-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
    end
  end

@@ -372,28 +346,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
    hostname = "this-hostname-with-random-part-is-too-long.example.com"

    stdouted { Kamal::Cli::App.start([ "boot", "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_uncommon_hostnames.yml", "--hosts", hostname ]) }.tap do |output|
-      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --network kamal --hostname this-hostname-with-random-part-is-too-long.example-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "boot proxy" do
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:capture_with_info).returns("123") # old version
-
-    run_command("boot", config: :with_proxy).tap do |output|
-      assert_match /Renaming container .* to .* as already deployed on 1.1.1.1/, output # Rename
-      assert_match /docker rename app-web-latest app-web-latest_replaced_[0-9a-f]{16}/, output
-      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --network kamal --hostname 1.1.1.1-[0-9a-f]{12} -e KAMAL_CONTAINER_NAME="app-web-latest" -e KAMAL_VERSION="latest" --env-file .kamal\/apps\/app\/env\/roles\/web.env --log-opt max-size="10m" --label service="app" --label role="web" --label destination dhh\/app:latest/, output
-      assert_match /docker exec kamal-proxy kamal-proxy deploy app-web --target "123:80"/, output
-      assert_match "docker container ls --all --filter name=^app-web-123$ --quiet | xargs docker stop", output
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "boot proxy with role specific config" do
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:capture_with_info).returns("123") # old version
-
-    run_command("boot", config: :with_proxy_roles, host: nil).tap do |output|
-      assert_match "docker exec kamal-proxy kamal-proxy deploy app-web --target \"123:80\" --deploy-timeout \"6s\" --drain-timeout \"30s\" --target-timeout \"10s\" --buffer-requests --buffer-responses --log-request-header \"Cache-Control\" --log-request-header \"Last-Modified\" --log-request-header \"User-Agent\"", output
-      assert_match "docker exec kamal-proxy kamal-proxy deploy app-web2 --target \"123:80\" --deploy-timeout \"6s\" --drain-timeout \"30s\" --target-timeout \"15s\" --buffer-requests --buffer-responses --log-request-header \"Cache-Control\" --log-request-header \"Last-Modified\" --log-request-header \"User-Agent\"", output
+      assert_match /docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-latest --hostname this-hostname-with-random-part-is-too-long.example-[0-9a-f]{12} /, output
    end
  end

@@ -410,5 +363,13 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
      Object.any_instance.stubs(:sleep)

      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:capture_with_info).returns("123") # old version
+
+      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+        .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-latest$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+        .returns("running") # health check
+
+      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+        .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-123$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+        .returns("unhealthy") # health check
    end
 end
--- a/test/cli/build_test.rb
+++ b/test/cli/build_test.rb
@@ -21,12 +21,16 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
        .with(:git, "-C", anything, :status, "--porcelain")
        .returns("")

+      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+        .with(:docker, :buildx, :inspect, "kamal-app-multiarch", "> /dev/null")
+        .returns("")
+
      run_command("push", "--verbose").tap do |output|
        assert_hook_ran "pre-build", output, **hook_variables
        assert_match /Cloning repo into build directory/, output
        assert_match /git -C #{Dir.tmpdir}\/kamal-clones\/app-#{pwd_sha} clone #{Dir.pwd}/, output
        assert_match /docker --version && docker buildx version/, output
-        assert_match /docker buildx build --push --platform linux\/amd64 --builder kamal-local-docker-container -t dhh\/app:999 -t dhh\/app:latest --label service="app" --file Dockerfile \. as .*@localhost/, output
+        assert_match /docker buildx build --push --platform linux\/amd64,linux\/arm64 --builder kamal-app-multiarch -t dhh\/app:999 -t dhh\/app:latest --label service="app" --file Dockerfile \. as .*@localhost/, output
      end
    end
  end
@@ -49,7 +53,7 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute).with(:git, "-C", build_directory, :submodule, :update, "--init")

      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute)
-        .with(:docker, :buildx, :build, "--push", "--platform", "linux/amd64", "--builder", "kamal-local-docker-container", "-t", "dhh/app:999", "-t", "dhh/app:latest", "--label", "service=\"app\"", "--file", "Dockerfile", ".", env: {})
+        .with(:docker, :buildx, :build, "--push", "--platform", "linux/amd64,linux/arm64", "--builder", "kamal-app-multiarch", "-t", "dhh/app:999", "-t", "dhh/app:latest", "--label", "service=\"app\"", "--file", "Dockerfile", ".")

      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
        .with(:git, "-C", anything, :"rev-parse", :HEAD)
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
      assert_no_match /Cloning repo into build directory/, output
      assert_hook_ran "pre-build", output, **hook_variables
      assert_match /docker --version && docker buildx version/, output
-      assert_match /docker buildx build --push --platform linux\/amd64 --builder kamal-local-docker-container -t dhh\/app:999 -t dhh\/app:latest --label service="app" --file Dockerfile . as .*@localhost/, output
+      assert_match /docker buildx build --push --platform linux\/amd64,linux\/arm64 --builder kamal-app-multiarch -t dhh\/app:999 -t dhh\/app:latest --label service="app" --file Dockerfile . as .*@localhost/, output
    end
  end

@@ -120,13 +124,10 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
        .with(:docker, "--version", "&&", :docker, :buildx, "version")

      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute)
-        .with(:docker, :buildx, :rm, "kamal-local-docker-container")
+        .with(:docker, :buildx, :create, "--use", "--name", "kamal-app-multiarch")

-      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute)
-        .with(:docker, :buildx, :create, "--name", "kamal-local-docker-container", "--driver=docker-container")
-
-      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute)
-        .with(:docker, :buildx, :inspect, "kamal-local-docker-container")
+      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+        .with(:docker, :buildx, :inspect, "kamal-app-multiarch", "> /dev/null")
        .raises(SSHKit::Command::Failed.new("no builder"))

      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute).with { |*args| args.first.start_with?("git") }
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
        .returns("")

      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute)
-        .with(:docker, :buildx, :build, "--push", "--platform", "linux/amd64", "--builder", "kamal-local-docker-container", "-t", "dhh/app:999", "-t", "dhh/app:latest", "--label", "service=\"app\"", "--file", "Dockerfile", ".", env: {})
+        .with(:docker, :buildx, :build, "--push", "--platform", "linux/amd64,linux/arm64", "--builder", "kamal-app-multiarch", "-t", "dhh/app:999", "-t", "dhh/app:latest", "--label", "service=\"app\"", "--file", "Dockerfile", ".")

      run_command("push").tap do |output|
        assert_match /WARN Missing compatible builder, so creating a new one first/, output
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
    error = assert_raises(Kamal::Cli::HookError) { run_command("push") }
    assert_equal "Hook `pre-build` failed:\nfailed", error.message

-    assert @executions.none? { |args| args[0..2] == [ :docker, :build ] }
+    assert @executions.none? { |args| args[0..2] == [ :docker, :buildx, :build ] }
  end

  test "pull" do
@@ -206,32 +207,23 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase

  test "create" do
    run_command("create").tap do |output|
-      assert_match /docker buildx create --name kamal-local-docker-container --driver=docker-container/, output
+      assert_match /docker buildx create --use --name kamal-app-multiarch/, output
    end
  end

  test "create remote" do
    run_command("create", fixture: :with_remote_builder).tap do |output|
      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env true on 1.1.1.5", output
-      assert_match "docker context create kamal-remote-ssh---app-1-1-1-5-context --description 'kamal-remote-ssh---app-1-1-1-5 host' --docker 'host=ssh://app@1.1.1.5'", output
-      assert_match "docker buildx create --name kamal-remote-ssh---app-1-1-1-5 kamal-remote-ssh---app-1-1-1-5-context", output
+      assert_match "docker context create kamal-app-native-remote-amd64 --description 'kamal-app-native-remote amd64 native host' --docker 'host=ssh://app@1.1.1.5'", output
+      assert_match "docker buildx create --name kamal-app-native-remote kamal-app-native-remote-amd64 --platform linux/amd64", output
    end
  end

  test "create remote with custom ports" do
    run_command("create", fixture: :with_remote_builder_and_custom_ports).tap do |output|
      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env true on 1.1.1.5", output
-      assert_match "docker context create kamal-remote-ssh---app-1-1-1-5-2122-context --description 'kamal-remote-ssh---app-1-1-1-5-2122 host' --docker 'host=ssh://app@1.1.1.5:2122'", output
-      assert_match "docker buildx create --name kamal-remote-ssh---app-1-1-1-5-2122 kamal-remote-ssh---app-1-1-1-5-2122-context", output
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "create hybrid" do
-    run_command("create", fixture: :with_hybrid_builder).tap do |output|
-      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env true on 1.1.1.5", output
-      assert_match "docker buildx create --platform linux/#{Kamal::Utils.docker_arch} --name kamal-hybrid-docker-container-ssh---app-1-1-1-5 --driver=docker-container", output
-      assert_match "docker context create kamal-hybrid-docker-container-ssh---app-1-1-1-5-context --description 'kamal-hybrid-docker-container-ssh---app-1-1-1-5 host' --docker 'host=ssh://app@1.1.1.5'", output
-      assert_match "docker buildx create --platform linux/#{Kamal::Utils.docker_arch == "amd64" ? "arm64" : "amd64"} --append --name kamal-hybrid-docker-container-ssh---app-1-1-1-5 kamal-hybrid-docker-container-ssh---app-1-1-1-5-context", output
+      assert_match "docker context create kamal-app-native-remote-amd64 --description 'kamal-app-native-remote amd64 native host' --docker 'host=ssh://app@1.1.1.5:2122'", output
+      assert_match "docker buildx create --name kamal-app-native-remote kamal-app-native-remote-amd64 --platform linux/amd64", output
    end
  end

@@ -248,7 +240,7 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase

  test "remove" do
    run_command("remove").tap do |output|
-      assert_match /docker buildx rm kamal-local/, output
+      assert_match /docker buildx rm kamal-app-multiarch/, output
    end
  end

@@ -258,7 +250,7 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
      .returns("docker builder info")

    run_command("details").tap do |output|
-      assert_match /Builder: local/, output
+      assert_match /Builder: multiarch/, output
      assert_match /docker builder info/, output
    end
  end
--- a/test/cli/cli_test_case.rb
+++ b/test/cli/cli_test_case.rb
@@ -29,18 +29,19 @@ class CliTestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase

    def stub_setup
      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-        .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal/apps/app" ] }
+        .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal" ] }
      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-        .with { |arg1, arg2, arg3| arg1 == :mkdir && arg2 == "-p" && arg3 == ".kamal/lock-app" }
+        .with { |arg1, arg2, arg3| arg1 == :mkdir && arg2 == "-p" && arg3 == ".kamal/locks" }
      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-        .with { |arg1, arg2| arg1 == :mkdir && arg2 == ".kamal/lock-app" }
+        .with { |arg1, arg2| arg1 == :mkdir && arg2 == ".kamal/locks/app" }
      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-        .with { |arg1, arg2| arg1 == :rm && arg2 == ".kamal/lock-app/details" }
-      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-        .with(:docker, :buildx, :inspect, "kamal-local-docker-container")
+        .with { |arg1, arg2| arg1 == :rm && arg2 == ".kamal/locks/app/details" }
+      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:capture_with_info)
+        .with { |*args| args[0..2] == [ :docker, :buildx, :inspect ] }
+        .returns("")
    end

-    def assert_hook_ran(hook, output, version:, service_version:, hosts:, command:, subcommand: nil, runtime: false, secrets: false)
+    def assert_hook_ran(hook, output, version:, service_version:, hosts:, command:, subcommand: nil, runtime: false)
      whoami = `whoami`.chomp
      performer = Kamal::Git.email.presence || whoami
      service = service_version.split("@").first
@@ -58,17 +59,8 @@ class CliTestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
        KAMAL_COMMAND=\"#{command}\"\s
        #{"KAMAL_SUBCOMMAND=\\\"#{subcommand}\\\"\\s" if subcommand}
        #{"KAMAL_RUNTIME=\\\"\\d+\\\"\\s" if runtime}
-        #{"DB_PASSWORD=\"secret\"\\s" if secrets}
        ;\s/usr/bin/env\s\.kamal/hooks/#{hook} }x

      assert_match expected, output
    end
-
-    def with_argv(*argv)
-      old_argv = ARGV
-      ARGV.replace(*argv)
-      yield
-    ensure
-      ARGV.replace(old_argv)
-    end
 end
--- a/test/cli/env_test.rb
+++ b/test/cli/env_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+require_relative "cli_test_case"
+
+class CliEnvTest < CliTestCase
+  test "push" do
+    run_command("push").tap do |output|
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/env/roles on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/env/traefik on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/env/accessories on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/env/roles on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/env/traefik on 1.1.1.2", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal/env/accessories on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match ".kamal/env/roles/app-web.env", output
+      assert_match ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", output
+      assert_match ".kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env", output
+      assert_match ".kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env", output
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "delete" do
+    run_command("delete").tap do |output|
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env rm -f .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env rm -f .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env on 1.1.1.2", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env rm -f .kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env on 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env rm -f .kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env on 1.1.1.4", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env rm -f .kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env rm -f .kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env on 1.1.1.2", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env rm -f .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env rm -f .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env on 1.1.1.2", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env rm -f .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env on 1.1.1.3", output
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def run_command(*command)
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Env.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml" ]) }
+    end
+end
--- a/test/cli/lock_test.rb
+++ b/test/cli/lock_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require_relative "cli_test_case"
 class CliLockTest < CliTestCase
  test "status" do
    run_command("status").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env stat .kamal/lock-app > /dev/null && cat .kamal/lock-app/details | base64 -d on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "Running /usr/bin/env stat .kamal/locks/app > /dev/null && cat .kamal/locks/app/details | base64 -d on 1.1.1.1", output
    end
  end

--- a/test/cli/main_test.rb
+++ b/test/cli/main_test.rb
@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
    invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_simple.yml", "version" => "999", "skip_hooks" => false }

    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:server:bootstrap", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:main:envify", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:env:push", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:boot", [ "all" ], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:deploy)

    run_command("setup").tap do |output|
      assert_match /Ensure Docker is installed.../, output
+      assert_match /Evaluate and push env files.../, output
    end
  end

@@ -20,22 +23,25 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
    invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_simple.yml", "version" => "999", "skip_hooks" => false }

    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:server:bootstrap", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:env:push", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:main:envify", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:boot", [ "all" ], invoke_options)
    # deploy
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options.merge(skip_local: true))
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:build:pull", [], invoke_options)
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:proxy:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true))
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options)

    run_command("setup", "--skip_push").tap do |output|
      assert_match /Ensure Docker is installed.../, output
+      assert_match /Evaluate and push env files.../, output
      # deploy
      assert_match /Acquiring the deploy lock/, output
      assert_match /Log into image registry/, output
      assert_match /Pull app image/, output
-      assert_match /Ensure kamal-proxy is running/, output
+      assert_match /Ensure Traefik is running/, output
      assert_match /Detect stale containers/, output
      assert_match /Prune old containers and images/, output
      assert_match /Releasing the deploy lock/, output
@@ -43,29 +49,27 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
  end

  test "deploy" do
-    with_test_secrets("secrets" => "DB_PASSWORD=secret") do
-      invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_simple.yml", "version" => "999", "skip_hooks" => false, "verbose" => true }
+    invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_simple.yml", "version" => "999", "skip_hooks" => false, "verbose" => true }

-      Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options.merge(skip_local: false))
-      Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:build:deliver", [], invoke_options)
-      Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:proxy:boot", [], invoke_options)
-      Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true))
-      Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options)
-      Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options.merge(skip_local: false))
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:build:deliver", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true))
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options)

-      Kamal::Commands::Hook.any_instance.stubs(:hook_exists?).returns(true)
-      hook_variables = { version: 999, service_version: "app@999", hosts: "1.1.1.1,1.1.1.2", command: "deploy" }
+    Kamal::Commands::Hook.any_instance.stubs(:hook_exists?).returns(true)
+    hook_variables = { version: 999, service_version: "app@999", hosts: "1.1.1.1,1.1.1.2", command: "deploy" }

-      run_command("deploy", "--verbose").tap do |output|
-        assert_hook_ran "pre-connect", output, **hook_variables
-        assert_match /Log into image registry/, output
-        assert_match /Build and push app image/, output
-        assert_hook_ran "pre-deploy", output, **hook_variables, secrets: true
-        assert_match /Ensure kamal-proxy is running/, output
-        assert_match /Detect stale containers/, output
-        assert_match /Prune old containers and images/, output
-        assert_hook_ran "post-deploy", output, **hook_variables, runtime: true, secrets: true
-      end
+    run_command("deploy", "--verbose").tap do |output|
+      assert_hook_ran "pre-connect", output, **hook_variables
+      assert_match /Log into image registry/, output
+      assert_match /Build and push app image/, output
+      assert_hook_ran "pre-deploy", output, **hook_variables
+      assert_match /Ensure Traefik is running/, output
+      assert_match /Detect stale containers/, output
+      assert_match /Prune old containers and images/, output
+      assert_hook_ran "post-deploy", output, **hook_variables, runtime: true
    end
  end

@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase

    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options.merge(skip_local: true))
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:build:pull", [], invoke_options)
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:proxy:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true))
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options)
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
      assert_match /Acquiring the deploy lock/, output
      assert_match /Log into image registry/, output
      assert_match /Pull app image/, output
-      assert_match /Ensure kamal-proxy is running/, output
+      assert_match /Ensure Traefik is running/, output
      assert_match /Detect stale containers/, output
      assert_match /Prune old containers and images/, output
      assert_match /Releasing the deploy lock/, output
@@ -97,14 +101,17 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
    Dir.stubs(:chdir)

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-      .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal/apps/app" ] }
+      .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal" ] }

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-      .with { |*arg| arg[0..1] == [ :mkdir, ".kamal/lock-app" ] }
-      .raises(RuntimeError, "mkdir: cannot create directory ‘kamal/lock-app’: File exists")
+      .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal/locks" ] }
+
+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
+      .with { |*arg| arg[0..1] == [ :mkdir, ".kamal/locks/app" ] }
+      .raises(RuntimeError, "mkdir: cannot create directory ‘kamal/locks/app’: File exists")

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_debug)
-      .with(:stat, ".kamal/lock-app", ">", "/dev/null", "&&", :cat, ".kamal/lock-app/details", "|", :base64, "-d")
+      .with(:stat, ".kamal/locks/app", ">", "/dev/null", "&&", :cat, ".kamal/locks/app/details", "|", :base64, "-d")

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
      .with(:git, "-C", anything, :"rev-parse", :HEAD)
@@ -114,6 +121,10 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
      .with(:git, "-C", anything, :status, "--porcelain")
      .returns("")

+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :buildx, :inspect, "kamal-app-multiarch", "> /dev/null")
+      .returns("")
+
    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
      .with(:docker, :info, "--format '{{index .RegistryConfig.Mirrors 0}}'")
      .returns("")
@@ -131,10 +142,13 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
    Dir.stubs(:chdir)

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-      .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal/apps/app" ] }
+      .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal" ] }

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-      .with { |*arg| arg[0..1] == [ :mkdir, ".kamal/lock-app" ] }
+      .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal/locks" ] }
+
+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
+      .with { |*arg| arg[0..1] == [ :mkdir, ".kamal/locks/app" ] }
      .raises(SocketError, "getaddrinfo: nodename nor servname provided, or not known")

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
@@ -145,6 +159,10 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
      .with(:git, "-C", anything, :status, "--porcelain")
      .returns("")

+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :buildx, :inspect, "kamal-app-multiarch", "> /dev/null")
+      .returns("")
+
    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
      .with(:docker, :info, "--format '{{index .RegistryConfig.Mirrors 0}}'")
      .returns("")
@@ -174,7 +192,7 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase

    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options.merge(skip_local: false))
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:build:deliver", [], invoke_options)
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:proxy:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true))
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options)
@@ -184,12 +202,27 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
    end
  end

+  test "deploy without healthcheck if primary host doesn't have traefik" do
+    invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_workers_only.yml", "version" => "999", "skip_hooks" => false }
+
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:healthcheck:perform", [], invoke_options).never
+
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options.merge(skip_local: false))
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:build:deliver", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true))
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options)
+
+    run_command("deploy", config_file: "deploy_workers_only")
+  end
+
  test "deploy with missing secrets" do
    invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_with_secrets.yml", "version" => "999", "skip_hooks" => false }

    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options.merge(skip_local: false))
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:build:deliver", [], invoke_options)
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:proxy:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true))
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options)
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options)
@@ -252,11 +285,18 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
        .with(:sh, "-c", "'docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=#{role} --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --filter ancestor=$(docker image ls --filter reference=dhh/app:latest --format '\\''{{.ID}}'\\'') ; docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=#{role} --filter status=running --filter status=restarting'", "|", :head, "-1", "|", "while read line; do echo ${line#app-#{role}-}; done", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
        .returns("version-to-rollback\n").at_least_once
+      SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+        .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-#{role}-123$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+        .returns("running").at_least_once # health check
    end

    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-workers-123$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
-      .returns("running").at_least_once # health check
+      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-version-to-rollback", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
+      .returns("corddirectory").at_least_once # health check
+
+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-version-to-rollback$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+      .returns("unhealthy").at_least_once # health check

    Kamal::Commands::Hook.any_instance.stubs(:hook_exists?).returns(true)
    hook_variables = { version: 123, service_version: "app@123", hosts: "1.1.1.1,1.1.1.2,1.1.1.3,1.1.1.4", command: "rollback" }
@@ -273,15 +313,17 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
  test "rollback without old version" do
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.stubs(:container_available?).returns(true)

+    Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller.stubs(:sleep)
+
    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-123$", "--quiet", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
      .returns("").at_least_once
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-123$", "--quiet")
-      .returns("123").at_least_once
    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
      .with(:sh, "-c", "'docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --filter ancestor=$(docker image ls --filter reference=dhh/app:latest --format '\\''{{.ID}}'\\'') ; docker ps --latest --format '\\''{{.Names}}'\\'' --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting'", "|", :head, "-1", "|", "while read line; do echo ${line#app-web-}; done", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
      .returns("").at_least_once
+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
+      .with(:docker, :container, :ls, "--all", "--filter", "name=^app-web-123$", "--quiet", "|", :xargs, :docker, :inspect, "--format", "'{{if .State.Health}}{{.State.Health.Status}}{{else}}{{.State.Status}}{{end}}'")
+      .returns("running").at_least_once # health check

    run_command("rollback", "123").tap do |output|
      assert_match "docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-123", output
@@ -290,7 +332,7 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
  end

  test "details" do
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:proxy:details")
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:details")
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:details")
    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:details", [ "all" ])

@@ -354,38 +396,40 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
  end

  test "init" do
-    in_dummy_git_repo do
-      run_command("init").tap do |output|
-        assert_match "Created configuration file in config/deploy.yml", output
-        assert_match "Created .kamal/secrets file", output
-      end
+    Pathname.any_instance.expects(:exist?).returns(false).times(3)
+    Pathname.any_instance.stubs(:mkpath)
+    FileUtils.stubs(:mkdir_p)
+    FileUtils.stubs(:cp_r)
+    FileUtils.stubs(:cp)

-      assert_file "config/deploy.yml", "service: my-app"
-      assert_file ".kamal/secrets", "KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=$KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD"
+    run_command("init").tap do |output|
+      assert_match /Created configuration file in config\/deploy.yml/, output
+      assert_match /Created \.env file/, output
    end
  end

  test "init with existing config" do
-    in_dummy_git_repo do
-      run_command("init")
+    Pathname.any_instance.expects(:exist?).returns(true).times(3)

-      run_command("init").tap do |output|
-        assert_match /Config file already exists in config\/deploy.yml \(remove first to create a new one\)/, output
-        assert_no_match /Added .kamal\/secrets/, output
-      end
+    run_command("init").tap do |output|
+      assert_match /Config file already exists in config\/deploy.yml \(remove first to create a new one\)/, output
    end
  end

  test "init with bundle option" do
-    in_dummy_git_repo do
-      run_command("init", "--bundle").tap do |output|
-        assert_match "Created configuration file in config/deploy.yml", output
-        assert_match "Created .kamal/secrets file", output
-        assert_match /Adding Kamal to Gemfile and bundle/, output
-        assert_match /bundle add kamal/, output
-        assert_match /bundle binstubs kamal/, output
-        assert_match /Created binstub file in bin\/kamal/, output
-      end
+    Pathname.any_instance.expects(:exist?).returns(false).times(4)
+    Pathname.any_instance.stubs(:mkpath)
+    FileUtils.stubs(:mkdir_p)
+    FileUtils.stubs(:cp_r)
+    FileUtils.stubs(:cp)
+
+    run_command("init", "--bundle").tap do |output|
+      assert_match /Created configuration file in config\/deploy.yml/, output
+      assert_match /Created \.env file/, output
+      assert_match /Adding Kamal to Gemfile and bundle/, output
+      assert_match /bundle add kamal/, output
+      assert_match /bundle binstubs kamal/, output
+      assert_match /Created binstub file in bin\/kamal/, output
    end
  end

@@ -402,16 +446,92 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
    end
  end

+  test "envify" do
+    with_test_dotenv(".env.erb": "HELLO=<%= 'world' %>") do
+      run_command("envify")
+      assert_equal("HELLO=world", File.read(".env"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "envify with blank line trimming" do
+    file = <<~EOF
+      HELLO=<%= 'world' %>
+      <% if true -%>
+      KEY=value
+      <% end  -%>
+    EOF
+
+    with_test_dotenv(".env.erb": file) do
+      run_command("envify")
+      assert_equal("HELLO=world\nKEY=value\n", File.read(".env"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "envify with destination" do
+    with_test_dotenv(".env.world.erb": "HELLO=<%= 'world' %>") do
+      run_command("envify", "-d", "world", config_file: "deploy_for_dest")
+      assert_equal "HELLO=world", File.read(".env.world")
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "envify with skip_push" do
+    Pathname.any_instance.expects(:exist?).returns(true).times(1)
+    File.expects(:read).with(".env.erb").returns("HELLO=<%= 'world' %>")
+    File.expects(:write).with(".env", "HELLO=world", perm: 0600)
+
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:env:push").never
+    run_command("envify", "--skip-push")
+  end
+
+  test "envify with clean env" do
+    with_test_dotenv(".env": "HELLO=already", ".env.erb": "HELLO=<%= ENV.fetch 'HELLO', 'never' %>") do
+      run_command("envify", "--skip-push")
+      assert_equal "HELLO=never", File.read(".env")
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "env files overwrite shell environment variables" do
+    ENV["TEST_VAR"] = "shell_value"
+    ENV["AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID"] = "local_dev_key"
+
+    with_test_dotenv(".env": "TEST_VAR=dotenv_value\nAWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=production_key") do
+      # Create a simple CLI command instance to trigger load_env
+      Kamal::Cli::Main.new.send(:load_env)
+
+      assert_equal "dotenv_value", ENV["TEST_VAR"]
+      assert_equal "production_key", ENV["AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID"]
+    end
+  ensure
+    ENV.delete("TEST_VAR")
+    ENV.delete("AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID")
+  end
+
+  test "destination env files overwrite base env files" do
+    ENV["TEST_VAR"] = "shell_value"
+
+    with_test_dotenv(".env": "TEST_VAR=base_value\nBASE_ONLY=base", ".env.world": "TEST_VAR=world_value\nWORLD_ONLY=world") do
+      # Create CLI command with destination to trigger load_env
+      Kamal::Cli::Main.new([], { destination: "world" }).send(:load_env)
+
+      assert_equal "world_value", ENV["TEST_VAR"]
+      assert_equal "base", ENV["BASE_ONLY"]
+      assert_equal "world", ENV["WORLD_ONLY"]
+    end
+  ensure
+    ENV.delete("TEST_VAR")
+    ENV.delete("BASE_ONLY")
+    ENV.delete("WORLD_ONLY")
+  end
+
  test "remove with confirmation" do
    run_command("remove", "-y", config_file: "deploy_with_accessories").tap do |output|
-      assert_match /docker container stop kamal-proxy/, output
-      assert_match /docker container prune --force --filter label=org.opencontainers.image.title=kamal-proxy/, output
-      assert_match /docker image prune --all --force --filter label=org.opencontainers.image.title=kamal-proxy/, output
+      assert_match /docker container stop traefik/, output
+      assert_match /docker container prune --force --filter label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik/, output
+      assert_match /docker image prune --all --force --filter label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik/, output

      assert_match /docker ps --quiet --filter label=service=app | xargs docker stop/, output
      assert_match /docker container prune --force --filter label=service=app/, output
      assert_match /docker image prune --all --force --filter label=service=app/, output
-      assert_match "/usr/bin/env rm -r .kamal/apps/app", output

      assert_match /docker container stop app-mysql/, output
      assert_match /docker container prune --force --filter label=service=app-mysql/, output
@@ -450,87 +570,51 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
    assert_equal Kamal::VERSION, version
  end

-  test "run an alias for details" do
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:proxy:details")
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:details")
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:details", [ "all" ])
-
-    run_command("info", config_file: "deploy_with_aliases")
-  end
-
-  test "run an alias for a console" do
-    run_command("console", config_file: "deploy_with_aliases").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "docker exec app-console-999 bin/console on 1.1.1.5", output
-      assert_match "App Host: 1.1.1.5", output
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "run an alias for a console overriding role" do
-    run_command("console", "-r", "workers", config_file: "deploy_with_aliases").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "docker exec app-workers-999 bin/console on 1.1.1.3", output
-      assert_match "App Host: 1.1.1.3", output
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "run an alias for a console passing command" do
-    run_command("exec", "bin/job", config_file: "deploy_with_aliases").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "docker exec app-console-999 bin/job on 1.1.1.5", output
-      assert_match "App Host: 1.1.1.5", output
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "append to command with an alias" do
-    run_command("rails", "db:migrate:status", config_file: "deploy_with_aliases").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "docker exec app-console-999 rails db:migrate:status on 1.1.1.5", output
-      assert_match "App Host: 1.1.1.5", output
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "upgrade" do
+  test "downgrade" do
    invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml", "skip_hooks" => false, "confirmed" => true, "rolling" => false }
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:proxy:upgrade", [], invoke_options)
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:upgrade", [ "all" ], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:downgrade", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:downgrade", [ "all" ], invoke_options)

-    run_command("upgrade", "-y", config_file: "deploy_with_accessories").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "Upgrading all hosts...", output
-      assert_match "Upgraded all hosts", output
+    run_command("downgrade", "-y", config_file: "deploy_with_accessories").tap do |output|
+      assert_match "Downgrading all hosts...", output
+      assert_match "Downgraded all hosts", output
    end
  end

-  test "upgrade rolling" do
+  test "downgrade rolling" do
    invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml", "skip_hooks" => false, "confirmed" => true, "rolling" => false }
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:proxy:upgrade", [], invoke_options).times(4)
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:upgrade", [ "all" ], invoke_options).times(3)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:downgrade", [], invoke_options).times(4)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:downgrade", [ "all" ], invoke_options).times(3)

-    run_command("upgrade", "--rolling", "-y", config_file: "deploy_with_accessories").tap do |output|
-      assert_match "Upgrading 1.1.1.1...", output
-      assert_match "Upgraded 1.1.1.1", output
-      assert_match "Upgrading 1.1.1.2...", output
-      assert_match "Upgraded 1.1.1.2", output
-      assert_match "Upgrading 1.1.1.3...", output
-      assert_match "Upgraded 1.1.1.3", output
-      assert_match "Upgrading 1.1.1.4...", output
-      assert_match "Upgraded 1.1.1.4", output
+    run_command("downgrade", "--rolling", "-y", config_file: "deploy_with_accessories").tap do |output|
+      assert_match "Downgrading 1.1.1.1...", output
+      assert_match "Downgraded 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_match "Downgrading 1.1.1.2...", output
+      assert_match "Downgraded 1.1.1.2", output
+      assert_match "Downgrading 1.1.1.3...", output
+      assert_match "Downgraded 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "Downgrading 1.1.1.4...", output
+      assert_match "Downgraded 1.1.1.4", output
    end
  end

  private
    def run_command(*command, config_file: "deploy_simple")
-      with_argv([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/#{config_file}.yml" ]) do
-        stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Main.start }
-      end
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Main.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/#{config_file}.yml" ]) }
    end

-    def in_dummy_git_repo
-      Dir.mktmpdir do |tmpdir|
-        Dir.chdir(tmpdir) do
-          `git init`
+    def with_test_dotenv(**files)
+      Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
+        fixtures_dup = File.join(dir, "test")
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(fixtures_dup)
+        FileUtils.cp_r("test/fixtures/", fixtures_dup)
+
+        Dir.chdir(dir) do
+          files.each do |filename, contents|
+            File.binwrite(filename.to_s, contents)
+          end
          yield
        end
      end
    end
-
-    def assert_file(file, content)
-      assert_match content, File.read(file)
-    end
 end
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Donal McBreen	d141c82efa	Bump version for 1.9.3	2025-06-25 08:29:11 +01:00
Donal McBreen	cdb6c014ac	Update Gemfile.lock	2025-06-25 08:04:44 +01:00
Donal McBreen	7ded6d3aef	Use registry:3 image for the integration tests v3 was recently released which broke the integration tests. Update them to use the correct config file. Set the major version to prevent this from happening when v4 is released.	2025-06-25 08:04:44 +01:00
Donal McBreen	2ea60bea5e	Merge pull request #1594 from basecamp/1-9-dotenv-precedence Deploy env is authoritative (1-9-stable)	2025-06-25 07:55:12 +01:00
Jeremy Daer	3948a95e7a	Fix local env vars overriding production env	2025-06-24 11:39:32 -07:00
Donal McBreen	21d7d6d79c	Bump version for 1.9.2	2024-10-06 14:06:39 -04:00
Donal McBreen	f1b3c4a4fb	Merge pull request #1063 from basecamp/safe-directory-fix-1.9 Safe directory fix 1.9	2024-10-06 18:55:56 +01:00
Ivan Velichko	fd9564f0c8	Relax the safe.directory requirement Co-authored-by: Jeremy Daer <jeremydaer@gmail.com>	2024-10-06 13:44:23 -04:00
Ivan Velichko	d2338251a9	Fix git --add safe.directory command in Dockerfile Upgrading kamal from `v1.8.3` to `v1.9.0` broke my [kamal playground](https://labs.iximiuz.com/playgrounds/kamal): ``` laborant@dev-machine:~/svc-a$ kamal setup INFO [34d0def6] Running /usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal on 172.16.0.3 INFO [c34cf833] Running /usr/bin/env mkdir -p .kamal on 172.16.0.4 INFO [34d0def6] Finished in 0.147 seconds with exit status 0 (successful). INFO [c34cf833] Finished in 0.204 seconds with exit status 0 (successful). Acquiring the deploy lock... Ensure Docker is installed... INFO [413ee426] Running docker -v on 172.16.0.4 INFO [f1acacba] Running docker -v on 172.16.0.3 INFO [413ee426] Finished in 0.036 seconds with exit status 0 (successful). INFO [f1acacba] Finished in 0.076 seconds with exit status 0 (successful). Log into image registry... INFO [94cff492] Running docker login registry.iximiuz.com -u [REDACTED] -p [REDACTED] on localhost INFO [94cff492] Finished in 0.077 seconds with exit status 0 (successful). INFO [605c535f] Running docker login registry.iximiuz.com -u [REDACTED] -p [REDACTED] on 172.16.0.4 INFO [6002b598] Running docker login registry.iximiuz.com -u [REDACTED] -p [REDACTED] on 172.16.0.3 INFO [605c535f] Finished in 0.083 seconds with exit status 0 (successful). INFO [6002b598] Finished in 0.083 seconds with exit status 0 (successful). Build and push app image... INFO [9d172b1e] Running docker --version && docker buildx version on localhost INFO [9d172b1e] Finished in 0.059 seconds with exit status 0 (successful). INFO Cloning repo into build directory `/tmp/kamal-clones/svc-a-2f65914456263/workdir/`... INFO [26fb1bd3] Running /usr/bin/env git -C /tmp/kamal-clones/svc-a-2f65914456263 clone /workdir --recurse-submodules on localhost ERROR Error preparing clone: Failed to clone repo: git exit status: 32768 git stdout: Nothing written git stderr: Cloning into 'workdir'... fatal: detected dubious ownership in repository at '/workdir/.git' To add an exception for this directory, call: git config --global --add safe.directory /workdir/.git fatal: Could not read from remote repository. Please make sure you have the correct access rights and the repository exists. , deleting and retrying... INFO Cloning repo into build directory `/tmp/kamal-clones/svc-a-2f65914456263/workdir/`... INFO [fd4aac0c] Running /usr/bin/env git -C /tmp/kamal-clones/svc-a-2f65914456263 clone /workdir --recurse-submodules on localhost Finished all in 0.3 seconds Releasing the deploy lock... Finished all in 0.6 seconds ERROR (SSHKit::Command::Failed): git exit status: 32768 git stdout: Nothing written git stderr: Cloning into 'workdir'... fatal: detected dubious ownership in repository at '/workdir/.git' To add an exception for this directory, call: git config --global --add safe.directory /workdir/.git fatal: Could not read from remote repository. Please make sure you have the correct access rights and the repository exists. laborant@dev-machine:~/svc-a$ kamal version 2.0.0 ``` I checked the [v1.8.3...v1.9.0](https://github.com/basecamp/kamal/compare/v1.8.3...v1.9.0) diff, and couldn't find anything even remotely related to the above error. Then I checked the `git` versions in kamal `v1.8.3` and `v1.9.0` images: ``` docker run -it --rm --entrypoint sh ghcr.io/basecamp/kamal:v1.8.3 /workdir # git --version git version 2.38.5 ``` vs. ``` docker run -it --rm --entrypoint sh ghcr.io/basecamp/kamal:v2.0.0 /workdir # git --version git version 2.39.5 ``` Apparently, something changed in between `2.38.5` and `2.39.5` git releases (likely yet another CVE fix), and the `git config --global --add safe.directory /workdir` stopped working. Here is the mitigation I currently use, but it's a bit awkward to do it: ``` docker build -t ghcr.io/basecamp/kamal:v2.0.0 - <<EOF FROM ghcr.io/basecamp/kamal:v2.0.0 RUN git config --global --add safe.directory /workdir/.git EOF ``` Hence, this PR. To repro, you can start a [kamal playground](https://labs.iximiuz.com/playgrounds/kamal), then `docker pull ghcr.io/basecamp/kamal:v2.0.0` to override my patched image, and `cd svc-a && kamal setup`.	2024-10-06 13:44:12 -04:00
Donal McBreen	b00a4ec3e2	Merge pull request #1030 from basecamp/docker-not-latest Do not tag 1.9.x Docker images as latest	2024-10-02 11:15:44 +01:00
Donal McBreen	4b09375ccd	Exclude invalid Rails 8/Ruby 3.1 combination	2024-10-02 10:11:46 +01:00
Donal McBreen	3e0302230e	Do not tag 1.9.x Docker images as latest Only 2.x images should be set as latest.	2024-10-02 09:59:41 +01:00
Donal McBreen	bce2d35e9f	Test 1-9-stable on push	2024-09-30 08:51:02 +01:00
Donal McBreen	46ea88a056	Bump version for 1.9.1	2024-09-30 08:49:47 +01:00
Donal McBreen	fa05270cac	Merge pull request #997 from basecamp/traefik-2.11 Traefik 2.11 default to address CVE-2024-45410	2024-09-30 03:14:08 -04:00
Jeremy Daer	b058c45973	Traefik 2.11 default to address CVE-2024-45410 Fixes #968	2024-09-28 11:28:50 -04:00
Donal McBreen	9db1403721	Bump version for 1.9.0	2024-09-26 15:30:08 -04:00
Donal McBreen	bf4add9e72	Merge pull request #946 from basecamp/kamal-2.0-downgrade Downgrade from Kamal 2 to 1.9	2024-09-18 10:27:40 +01:00
Donal McBreen	7c7785c1eb	Downgrade from Kamal 2 to 1.9 Add a downgrade command, so you can reverse the upgrade process and go back to Kamal 1.9. This replaces kamal-proxy and reboots all the accessories. This gives an upgrade and downgrade path: Upgrade: 1. Upgrade config to be Kamal 2 compatible + use kamal 2.0 2. Run `kamal upgrade` Downgrade: 1. Switch back to previous config + use kamal 1.9 2. Run `kamal downgrade` You can set `--rolling` to downgrade one host at a time.	2024-09-18 10:11:32 +01:00
Donal McBreen	80bd46cde3	Bump version for 1.8.3	2024-09-02 15:51:11 +01:00
Donal McBreen	b449321a45	CI on push	2024-09-02 15:38:58 +01:00
Donal McBreen	24a7e94c14	Merge pull request #922 from basecamp/hybrid-build-both-arches Build both arches with remote multarch builder	2024-09-02 15:37:28 +01:00
Donal McBreen	d269fc5d36	Build both arches with remote multarch builder When using the remote build arch builder, build with both arches.	2024-09-02 15:22:18 +01:00