Per destination latest image tag

We tag the deployed image with the latest image tag when deploying. But
if we are deploying multiple destinations to the same host they'll
conflict with each other.

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,25 @@
 name: CI
-on: 
+on:
   push:
     branches:
       - main
   pull_request:
 jobs:
+  rubocop:
+    name: RuboCop
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      BUNDLE_ONLY: rubocop
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Setup Ruby and install gems
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        with:
+          ruby-version: 3.3.0
+          bundler-cache: true
+      - name: Run Rubocop
+        run: bundle exec rubocop --parallel
   tests:
     strategy:
       matrix:
@@ -12,17 +27,29 @@ jobs:
           - "2.7"
           - "3.1"
           - "3.2"
+          - "3.3"
         gemfile:
           - Gemfile
+          - gemfiles/ruby_2.7.gemfile
           - gemfiles/rails_edge.gemfile
-        continue-on-error: [false]
+        exclude:
+          - ruby-version: "2.7"
+            gemfile: Gemfile
+          - ruby-version: "2.7"
+            gemfile: gemfiles/rails_edge.gemfile
+          - ruby-version: "3.1"
+            gemfile: gemfiles/ruby_2.7.gemfile
+          - ruby-version: "3.2"
+            gemfile: gemfiles/ruby_2.7.gemfile
+          - ruby-version: "3.3"
+            gemfile: gemfiles/ruby_2.7.gemfile
     name: ${{ format('Tests (Ruby {0})', matrix.ruby-version) }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-error }}
+    continue-on-error: true
     env:
       BUNDLE_GEMFILE: ${{ github.workspace }}/${{ matrix.gemfile }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Install Ruby
         uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1

.rubocop.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+inherit_gem:
+  rubocop-rails-omakase: rubocop.yml

Gemfile

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-source 'https://rubygems.org'
+source "https://rubygems.org"
 git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }
 
 gemspec
+
+group :rubocop do
+  gem "rubocop-rails-omakase", require: false
+end

Gemfile.lock

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 PATH
   remote: .
   specs:
-    kamal (1.3.0)
+    kamal (1.4.0)
       activesupport (>= 7.0)
+      base64 (~> 0.2)
       bcrypt_pbkdf (~> 1.0)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.2)
       dotenv (~> 2.8)
@@ -15,82 +16,152 @@ PATH
 GEM
   remote: https://rubygems.org/
   specs:
-    actionpack (7.0.4.3)
-      actionview (= 7.0.4.3)
-      activesupport (= 7.0.4.3)
-      rack (~> 2.0, >= 2.2.0)
+    actionpack (7.1.2)
+      actionview (= 7.1.2)
+      activesupport (= 7.1.2)
+      nokogiri (>= 1.8.5)
+      racc
+      rack (>= 2.2.4)
+      rack-session (>= 1.0.1)
       rack-test (>= 0.6.3)
-      rails-dom-testing (~> 2.0)
-      rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.0, >= 1.2.0)
-    actionview (7.0.4.3)
-      activesupport (= 7.0.4.3)
+      rails-dom-testing (~> 2.2)
+      rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.6)
+    actionview (7.1.2)
+      activesupport (= 7.1.2)
       builder (~> 3.1)
-      erubi (~> 1.4)
-      rails-dom-testing (~> 2.0)
-      rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.1, >= 1.2.0)
-    activesupport (7.0.4.3)
+      erubi (~> 1.11)
+      rails-dom-testing (~> 2.2)
+      rails-html-sanitizer (~> 1.6)
+    activesupport (7.1.2)
+      base64
+      bigdecimal
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
+      connection_pool (>= 2.2.5)
+      drb
       i18n (>= 1.6, < 2)
       minitest (>= 5.1)
+      mutex_m
       tzinfo (~> 2.0)
+    ast (2.4.2)
+    base64 (0.2.0)
     bcrypt_pbkdf (1.1.0)
+    bigdecimal (3.1.5)
     builder (3.2.4)
     concurrent-ruby (1.2.2)
+    connection_pool (2.4.1)
     crass (1.0.6)
-    debug (1.7.2)
-      irb (>= 1.5.0)
-      reline (>= 0.3.1)
+    debug (1.9.1)
+      irb (~> 1.10)
+      reline (>= 0.3.8)
     dotenv (2.8.1)
+    drb (2.2.0)
+      ruby2_keywords
     ed25519 (1.3.0)
     erubi (1.12.0)
-    i18n (1.12.0)
+    i18n (1.14.1)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
-    io-console (0.6.0)
-    irb (1.6.3)
-      reline (>= 0.3.0)
-    loofah (2.20.0)
+    io-console (0.7.1)
+    irb (1.11.0)
+      rdoc
+      reline (>= 0.3.8)
+    json (2.7.1)
+    language_server-protocol (3.17.0.3)
+    loofah (2.22.0)
       crass (~> 1.0.2)
-      nokogiri (>= 1.5.9)
-    method_source (1.0.0)
-    minitest (5.18.0)
-    mocha (2.0.2)
+      nokogiri (>= 1.12.0)
+    minitest (5.20.0)
+    mocha (2.1.0)
       ruby2_keywords (>= 0.0.5)
+    mutex_m (0.2.0)
     net-scp (4.0.0)
       net-ssh (>= 2.6.5, < 8.0.0)
-    net-ssh (7.1.0)
-    nokogiri (1.14.2-arm64-darwin)
+    net-ssh (7.2.1)
+    nokogiri (1.16.0-arm64-darwin)
       racc (~> 1.4)
-    nokogiri (1.14.2-x86_64-darwin)
+    nokogiri (1.16.0-x86_64-darwin)
       racc (~> 1.4)
-    nokogiri (1.14.2-x86_64-linux)
+    nokogiri (1.16.0-x86_64-linux)
       racc (~> 1.4)
-    racc (1.6.2)
-    rack (2.2.6.4)
+    parallel (1.24.0)
+    parser (3.3.0.5)
+      ast (~> 2.4.1)
+      racc
+    psych (5.1.2)
+      stringio
+    racc (1.7.3)
+    rack (3.0.8)
+    rack-session (2.0.0)
+      rack (>= 3.0.0)
     rack-test (2.1.0)
       rack (>= 1.3)
-    rails-dom-testing (2.0.3)
-      activesupport (>= 4.2.0)
+    rackup (2.1.0)
+      rack (>= 3)
+      webrick (~> 1.8)
+    rails-dom-testing (2.2.0)
+      activesupport (>= 5.0.0)
+      minitest
       nokogiri (>= 1.6)
-    rails-html-sanitizer (1.5.0)
-      loofah (~> 2.19, >= 2.19.1)
-    railties (7.0.4.3)
-      actionpack (= 7.0.4.3)
-      activesupport (= 7.0.4.3)
-      method_source
+    rails-html-sanitizer (1.6.0)
+      loofah (~> 2.21)
+      nokogiri (~> 1.14)
+    railties (7.1.2)
+      actionpack (= 7.1.2)
+      activesupport (= 7.1.2)
+      irb
+      rackup (>= 1.0.0)
       rake (>= 12.2)
-      thor (~> 1.0)
-      zeitwerk (~> 2.5)
-    rake (13.0.6)
-    reline (0.3.3)
+      thor (~> 1.0, >= 1.2.2)
+      zeitwerk (~> 2.6)
+    rainbow (3.1.1)
+    rake (13.1.0)
+    rdoc (6.6.2)
+      psych (>= 4.0.0)
+    regexp_parser (2.9.0)
+    reline (0.4.2)
       io-console (~> 0.5)
+    rexml (3.2.6)
+    rubocop (1.62.1)
+      json (~> 2.3)
+      language_server-protocol (>= 3.17.0)
+      parallel (~> 1.10)
+      parser (>= 3.3.0.2)
+      rainbow (>= 2.2.2, < 4.0)
+      regexp_parser (>= 1.8, < 3.0)
+      rexml (>= 3.2.5, < 4.0)
+      rubocop-ast (>= 1.31.1, < 2.0)
+      ruby-progressbar (~> 1.7)
+      unicode-display_width (>= 2.4.0, < 3.0)
+    rubocop-ast (1.31.2)
+      parser (>= 3.3.0.4)
+    rubocop-minitest (0.35.0)
+      rubocop (>= 1.61, < 2.0)
+      rubocop-ast (>= 1.31.1, < 2.0)
+    rubocop-performance (1.20.2)
+      rubocop (>= 1.48.1, < 2.0)
+      rubocop-ast (>= 1.30.0, < 2.0)
+    rubocop-rails (2.24.0)
+      activesupport (>= 4.2.0)
+      rack (>= 1.1)
+      rubocop (>= 1.33.0, < 2.0)
+      rubocop-ast (>= 1.31.1, < 2.0)
+    rubocop-rails-omakase (1.0.0)
+      rubocop
+      rubocop-minitest
+      rubocop-performance
+      rubocop-rails
+    ruby-progressbar (1.13.0)
     ruby2_keywords (0.0.5)
-    sshkit (1.21.4)
+    sshkit (1.21.7)
+      mutex_m
       net-scp (>= 1.1.2)
       net-ssh (>= 2.8.0)
-    thor (1.2.1)
+    stringio (3.1.0)
+    thor (1.3.0)
     tzinfo (2.0.6)
       concurrent-ruby (~> 1.0)
-    zeitwerk (2.6.7)
+    unicode-display_width (2.5.0)
+    webrick (1.8.1)
+    zeitwerk (2.6.12)
 
 PLATFORMS
   arm64-darwin
@@ -102,6 +173,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   kamal!
   mocha
   railties
+  rubocop-rails-omakase
 
 BUNDLED WITH
    2.4.3

gemfiles/ruby_2.7.gemfile

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+source 'https://rubygems.org'
+git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }
+
+gemspec path: "../"
+
+gem "nokogiri", "~> 1.15.0"

kamal.gemspec

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.add_dependency "ed25519", "~> 1.2"
   spec.add_dependency "bcrypt_pbkdf", "~> 1.0"
   spec.add_dependency "concurrent-ruby", "~> 1.2"
+  spec.add_dependency "base64", "~> 0.2"
 
   spec.add_development_dependency "debug"
   spec.add_development_dependency "mocha"

lib/kamal/cli/accessory.rb

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
       if name == "all"
         KAMAL.accessory_names.each { |accessory_name| boot(accessory_name) }
       else
-        with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
+        with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
           directories(name)
           upload(name)
 
-          on(accessory.hosts) do
+          on(hosts) do
             execute *KAMAL.registry.login if login
             execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Booted #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
             execute *accessory.run
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
   desc "upload [NAME]", "Upload accessory files to host", hide: true
   def upload(name)
     mutating do
-      with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+      with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+        on(hosts) do
           accessory.files.each do |(local, remote)|
             accessory.ensure_local_file_present(local)
 
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
   desc "directories [NAME]", "Create accessory directories on host", hide: true
   def directories(name)
     mutating do
-      with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+      with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+        on(hosts) do
           accessory.directories.keys.each do |host_path|
             execute *accessory.make_directory(host_path)
           end
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
       if name == "all"
         KAMAL.accessory_names.each { |accessory_name| reboot(accessory_name) }
       else
-        with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
-          on(accessory.hosts) do
+        with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+          on(hosts) do
             execute *KAMAL.registry.login
           end
 
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
   desc "start [NAME]", "Start existing accessory container on host"
   def start(name)
     mutating do
-      with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+      with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+        on(hosts) do
           execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Started #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
           execute *accessory.start
         end
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
   desc "stop [NAME]", "Stop existing accessory container on host"
   def stop(name)
     mutating do
-      with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+      with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+        on(hosts) do
           execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Stopped #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
           execute *accessory.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
         end
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
     if name == "all"
       KAMAL.accessory_names.each { |accessory_name| details(accessory_name) }
     else
-      with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
-        on(accessory.hosts) { puts capture_with_info(*accessory.info) }
+      with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+        on(hosts) { puts capture_with_info(*accessory.info) }
       end
     end
   end
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
   option :interactive, aliases: "-i", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Execute command over ssh for an interactive shell (use for console/bash)"
   option :reuse, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Reuse currently running container instead of starting a new one"
   def exec(name, cmd)
-    with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
+    with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
       case
       when options[:interactive] && options[:reuse]
         say "Launching interactive command with via SSH from existing container...", :magenta
@@ -129,14 +129,14 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
 
       when options[:reuse]
         say "Launching command from existing container...", :magenta
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+        on(hosts) do
           execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Executed cmd '#{cmd}' on #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
           capture_with_info(*accessory.execute_in_existing_container(cmd))
         end
 
       else
         say "Launching command from new container...", :magenta
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+        on(hosts) do
           execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Executed cmd '#{cmd}' on #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
           capture_with_info(*accessory.execute_in_new_container(cmd))
         end
@@ -150,12 +150,12 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
   option :grep, aliases: "-g", desc: "Show lines with grep match only (use this to fetch specific requests by id)"
   option :follow, aliases: "-f", desc: "Follow logs on primary server (or specific host set by --hosts)"
   def logs(name)
-    with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
+    with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
       grep = options[:grep]
 
       if options[:follow]
         run_locally do
-          info "Following logs on #{accessory.hosts}..."
+          info "Following logs on #{hosts}..."
           info accessory.follow_logs(grep: grep)
           exec accessory.follow_logs(grep: grep)
         end
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
         since = options[:since]
         lines = options[:lines].presence || ((since || grep) ? nil : 100) # Default to 100 lines if since or grep isn't set
 
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+        on(hosts) do
           puts capture_with_info(*accessory.logs(since: since, lines: lines, grep: grep))
         end
       end
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
       if name == "all"
         KAMAL.accessory_names.each { |accessory_name| remove(accessory_name) }
       else
-        if options[:confirmed] || ask("This will remove all containers, images and data directories for #{name}. Are you sure?", limited_to: %w( y N ), default: "N") == "y"
+        confirming "This will remove all containers, images and data directories for #{name}. Are you sure?" do
           with_accessory(name) do
             stop(name)
             remove_container(name)
@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
   desc "remove_container [NAME]", "Remove accessory container from host", hide: true
   def remove_container(name)
     mutating do
-      with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+      with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+        on(hosts) do
           execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Remove #{name} accessory container"), verbosity: :debug
           execute *accessory.remove_container
         end
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
   desc "remove_image [NAME]", "Remove accessory image from host", hide: true
   def remove_image(name)
     mutating do
-      with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+      with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+        on(hosts) do
           execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Removed #{name} accessory image"), verbosity: :debug
           execute *accessory.remove_image
         end
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
   desc "remove_service_directory [NAME]", "Remove accessory directory used for uploaded files and data directories from host", hide: true
   def remove_service_directory(name)
     mutating do
-      with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
-        on(accessory.hosts) do
+      with_accessory(name) do |accessory, hosts|
+        on(hosts) do
           execute *accessory.remove_service_directory
         end
       end
@@ -226,8 +226,9 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
 
   private
     def with_accessory(name)
-      if accessory = KAMAL.accessory(name)
-        yield accessory
+      if KAMAL.config.accessory(name)
+        accessory = KAMAL.accessory(name)
+        yield accessory, accessory_hosts(accessory)
       else
         error_on_missing_accessory(name)
       end
@@ -240,4 +241,12 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Accessory < Kamal::Cli::Base
         "No accessory by the name of '#{name}'" +
         (options ? " (options: #{options.to_sentence})" : "")
     end
+
+    def accessory_hosts(accessory)
+      if KAMAL.specific_hosts&.any?
+        KAMAL.specific_hosts & accessory.hosts
+      else
+        accessory.hosts
+      end
+    end
 end

lib/kamal/cli/app.rb

@@ -7,58 +7,19 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App < Kamal::Cli::Base
         using_version(version_or_latest) do |version|
           say "Start container with version #{version} using a #{KAMAL.config.readiness_delay}s readiness delay (or reboot if already running)...", :magenta
 
+          # Assets are prepared in a separate step to ensure they are on all hosts before booting
           on(KAMAL.hosts) do
             execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Tagging #{KAMAL.config.absolute_image} as the latest image"), verbosity: :debug
             execute *KAMAL.app.tag_current_image_as_latest
 
             KAMAL.roles_on(host).each do |role|
-              app = KAMAL.app(role: role)
-              role_config = KAMAL.config.role(role)
-
-              if role_config.assets?
-                execute *app.extract_assets
-                old_version = capture_with_info(*app.current_running_version, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip
-                execute *app.sync_asset_volumes(old_version: old_version)
-              end
+              Kamal::Cli::App::PrepareAssets.new(host, role, self).run
             end
           end
 
           on(KAMAL.hosts, **KAMAL.boot_strategy) do |host|
             KAMAL.roles_on(host).each do |role|
-              app = KAMAL.app(role: role)
-              auditor = KAMAL.auditor(role: role)
-              role_config = KAMAL.config.role(role)
-
-              if capture_with_info(*app.container_id_for_version(version), raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).present?
-                tmp_version = "#{version}_replaced_#{SecureRandom.hex(8)}"
-                info "Renaming container #{version} to #{tmp_version} as already deployed on #{host}"
-                execute *auditor.record("Renaming container #{version} to #{tmp_version}"), verbosity: :debug
-                execute *app.rename_container(version: version, new_version: tmp_version)
-              end
-
-              old_version = capture_with_info(*app.current_running_version, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip
-
-              execute *app.tie_cord(role_config.cord_host_file) if role_config.uses_cord?
-
-              execute *auditor.record("Booted app version #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
-
-              execute *app.run(hostname: "#{host}-#{SecureRandom.hex(6)}")
-
-              Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller.wait_for_healthy(pause_after_ready: true) { capture_with_info(*app.status(version: version)) }
-
-              if old_version.present?
-                if role_config.uses_cord?
-                  cord = capture_with_info(*app.cord(version: old_version), raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip
-                  if cord.present?
-                    execute *app.cut_cord(cord)
-                    Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller.wait_for_unhealthy(pause_after_ready: true) { capture_with_info(*app.status(version: old_version)) }
-                  end
-                end
-
-                execute *app.stop(version: old_version), raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
-
-                execute *app.clean_up_assets if role_config.assets?
-              end
+              Kamal::Cli::App::Boot.new(host, role, version, self).run
             end
           end
         end
@@ -202,19 +163,20 @@ class Kamal::Cli::App < Kamal::Cli::Base
     # FIXME: Catch when app containers aren't running
 
     grep = options[:grep]
-
+    since = options[:since]
     if options[:follow]
+      lines = options[:lines].presence || ((since || grep) ? nil : 10) # Default to 10 lines if since or grep isn't set
+
       run_locally do
         info "Following logs on #{KAMAL.primary_host}..."
 
-        KAMAL.specific_roles ||= ["web"]
+        KAMAL.specific_roles ||= [ "web" ]
         role = KAMAL.roles_on(KAMAL.primary_host).first
 
-        info KAMAL.app(role: role).follow_logs(host: KAMAL.primary_host, grep: grep)
-        exec KAMAL.app(role: role).follow_logs(host: KAMAL.primary_host, grep: grep)
+        info KAMAL.app(role: role).follow_logs(host: KAMAL.primary_host, lines: lines, grep: grep)
+        exec KAMAL.app(role: role).follow_logs(host: KAMAL.primary_host, lines: lines, grep: grep)
       end
     else
-      since = options[:since]
       lines = options[:lines].presence || ((since || grep) ? nil : 100) # Default to 100 lines if since or grep isn't set
 
       on(KAMAL.hosts) do |host|

lib/kamal/cli/app/boot.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+class Kamal::Cli::App::Boot
+  attr_reader :host, :role, :version, :sshkit
+  delegate :execute, :capture_with_info, :info, to: :sshkit
+  delegate :uses_cord?, :assets?, to: :role
+
+  def initialize(host, role, version, sshkit)
+    @host = host
+    @role = role
+    @version = version
+    @sshkit = sshkit
+  end
+
+  def run
+    old_version = old_version_renamed_if_clashing
+
+    start_new_version
+
+    if old_version
+      stop_old_version(old_version)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def app
+      @app ||= KAMAL.app(role: role)
+    end
+
+    def auditor
+      @auditor = KAMAL.auditor(role: role)
+    end
+
+    def audit(message)
+      execute *auditor.record(message), verbosity: :debug
+    end
+
+    def old_version_renamed_if_clashing
+      if capture_with_info(*app.container_id_for_version(version), raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).present?
+        renamed_version = "#{version}_replaced_#{SecureRandom.hex(8)}"
+        info "Renaming container #{version} to #{renamed_version} as already deployed on #{host}"
+        audit("Renaming container #{version} to #{renamed_version}")
+        execute *app.rename_container(version: version, new_version: renamed_version)
+      end
+
+      capture_with_info(*app.current_running_version, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip.presence
+    end
+
+    def start_new_version
+      audit "Booted app version #{version}"
+      execute *app.tie_cord(role.cord_host_file) if uses_cord?
+      execute *app.run(hostname: "#{host}-#{SecureRandom.hex(6)}")
+      Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller.wait_for_healthy(pause_after_ready: true) { capture_with_info(*app.status(version: version)) }
+    end
+
+    def stop_old_version(version)
+      if uses_cord?
+        cord = capture_with_info(*app.cord(version: version), raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip
+        if cord.present?
+          execute *app.cut_cord(cord)
+          Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck::Poller.wait_for_unhealthy(pause_after_ready: true) { capture_with_info(*app.status(version: version)) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      execute *app.stop(version: version), raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
+
+      execute *app.clean_up_assets if assets?
+    end
+end

lib/kamal/cli/app/prepare_assets.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+class Kamal::Cli::App::PrepareAssets
+  attr_reader :host, :role, :sshkit
+  delegate :execute, :capture_with_info, :info, to: :sshkit
+  delegate :assets?, to: :role
+
+  def initialize(host, role, sshkit)
+    @host = host
+    @role = role
+    @sshkit = sshkit
+  end
+
+  def run
+    if assets?
+      execute *app.extract_assets
+      old_version = capture_with_info(*app.current_running_version, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).strip
+      execute *app.sync_asset_volumes(old_version: old_version)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def app
+      @app ||= KAMAL.app(role: role)
+    end
+end

lib/kamal/cli/base.rb

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ module Kamal::Cli
       def print_runtime
         started_at = Time.now
         yield
-        return Time.now - started_at
+        Time.now - started_at
       ensure
         runtime = Time.now - started_at
         puts "  Finished all in #{sprintf("%.1f seconds", runtime)}"
@@ -103,6 +103,16 @@ module Kamal::Cli
         release_lock
       end
 
+      def confirming(question)
+        return yield if options[:confirmed]
+
+        if ask(question, limited_to: %w[ y N ], default: "N") == "y"
+          yield
+        else
+          say "Aborted", :red
+        end
+      end
+
       def acquire_lock
         raise_if_locked do
           say "Acquiring the deploy lock...", :magenta
@@ -123,8 +133,9 @@ module Kamal::Cli
         yield
       rescue SSHKit::Runner::ExecuteError => e
         if e.message =~ /cannot create directory/
+          say "Deploy lock already in place!", :red
           on(KAMAL.primary_host) { puts capture_with_debug(*KAMAL.lock.status) }
-          raise LockError, "Deploy lock found"
+          raise LockError, "Deploy lock found. Run 'kamal lock help' for more information"
         else
           raise e
         end
@@ -180,5 +191,5 @@ module Kamal::Cli
           execute(*KAMAL.server.ensure_run_directory)
         end
       end
-    end
+  end
 end

lib/kamal/cli/env.rb

@@ -8,22 +8,21 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Env < Kamal::Cli::Base
         execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Pushed env files"), verbosity: :debug
 
         KAMAL.roles_on(host).each do |role|
-          role_config = KAMAL.config.role(role)
           execute *KAMAL.app(role: role).make_env_directory
-          upload! StringIO.new(role_config.env_file), role_config.host_env_file_path, mode: 400
+          upload! role.env.secrets_io, role.env.secrets_file, mode: 400
         end
       end
 
       on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do
         execute *KAMAL.traefik.make_env_directory
-        upload! StringIO.new(KAMAL.traefik.env_file), KAMAL.traefik.host_env_file_path, mode: 400
+        upload! KAMAL.traefik.env.secrets_io, KAMAL.traefik.env.secrets_file, mode: 400
       end
 
       on(KAMAL.accessory_hosts) do
         KAMAL.accessories_on(host).each do |accessory|
           accessory_config = KAMAL.config.accessory(accessory)
           execute *KAMAL.accessory(accessory).make_env_directory
-          upload! StringIO.new(accessory_config.env_file), accessory_config.host_env_file_path, mode: 400
+          upload! accessory_config.env.secrets_io, accessory_config.env.secrets_file, mode: 400
         end
       end
     end
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Env < Kamal::Cli::Base
         execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Deleted env files"), verbosity: :debug
 
         KAMAL.roles_on(host).each do |role|
-          role_config = KAMAL.config.role(role)
           execute *KAMAL.app(role: role).remove_env_file
         end
       end

lib/kamal/cli/main.rb

@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
   desc "setup", "Setup all accessories, push the env, and deploy app to servers"
+  option :skip_push, aliases: "-P", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Skip image build and push"
   def setup
     print_runtime do
       mutating do
+        invoke_options = deploy_options
+
         say "Ensure Docker is installed...", :magenta
-        invoke "kamal:cli:server:bootstrap"
+        invoke "kamal:cli:server:bootstrap", [], invoke_options
 
         say "Push env files...", :magenta
-        invoke "kamal:cli:env:push"
+        invoke "kamal:cli:env:push", [], invoke_options
 
-        invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:boot", [ "all" ]
+        invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:boot", [ "all" ], invoke_options
         deploy
       end
     end
@@ -194,7 +197,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Main < Kamal::Cli::Base
   option :confirmed, aliases: "-y", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Proceed without confirmation question"
   def remove
     mutating do
-      if options[:confirmed] || ask("This will remove all containers and images. Are you sure?", limited_to: %w( y N ), default: "N") == "y"
+      confirming "This will remove all containers and images. Are you sure?" do
         invoke "kamal:cli:traefik:remove", [], options.without(:confirmed)
         invoke "kamal:cli:app:remove", [], options.without(:confirmed)
         invoke "kamal:cli:accessory:remove", [ "all" ], options

lib/kamal/cli/prune.rb

@@ -18,12 +18,16 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Prune < Kamal::Cli::Base
     end
   end
 
-  desc "containers", "Prune all stopped containers, except the last 5"
+  desc "containers", "Prune all stopped containers, except the last n (default 5)"
+  option :retain, type: :numeric, default: nil, desc: "Number of containers to retain"
   def containers
+    retain = options.fetch(:retain, KAMAL.config.retain_containers)
+    raise "retain must be at least 1" if retain < 1
+
     mutating do
       on(KAMAL.hosts) do
         execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Pruned containers"), verbosity: :debug
-        execute *KAMAL.prune.app_containers
+        execute *KAMAL.prune.app_containers(retain: retain)
         execute *KAMAL.prune.healthcheck_containers
       end
     end

lib/kamal/cli/server.rb

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Server < Kamal::Cli::Base
     end
 
     if missing.any?
-      raise "Docker is not installed on #{missing.join(", ")} and can't be automatically installed without having root access and the `curl` command available. Install Docker manually: https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/"
+      raise "Docker is not installed on #{missing.join(", ")} and can't be automatically installed without having root access and either `wget` or `curl`. Install Docker manually: https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/"
     end
+
+    run_hook "docker-setup"
   end
 end

lib/kamal/cli/templates/deploy.yml

@@ -77,6 +77,10 @@ registry:
 # Bridge fingerprinted assets, like JS and CSS, between versions to avoid
 # hitting 404 on in-flight requests. Combines all files from new and old
 # version inside the asset_path.
+#
+# If your app is using the Sprockets gem, ensure it sets `config.assets.manifest`.
+# See https://github.com/basecamp/kamal/issues/626 for details
+#
 # asset_path: /rails/public/assets
 
 # Configure rolling deploys by setting a wait time between batches of restarts.

lib/kamal/cli/templates/sample_hooks/docker-setup.sample

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+# A sample docker-setup hook
+#
+# Sets up a Docker network which can then be used by the application’s containers
+
+ssh user@example.com docker network create kamal

lib/kamal/cli/traefik.rb

@@ -11,20 +11,23 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Traefik < Kamal::Cli::Base
 
   desc "reboot", "Reboot Traefik on servers (stop container, remove container, start new container)"
   option :rolling, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Reboot traefik on hosts in sequence, rather than in parallel"
+  option :confirmed, aliases: "-y", type: :boolean, default: false, desc: "Proceed without confirmation question"
   def reboot
-    mutating do
-      host_groups = options[:rolling] ? KAMAL.traefik_hosts : [KAMAL.traefik_hosts]
-      host_groups.each do |hosts|
-        host_list = Array(hosts).join(",")
-        run_hook "pre-traefik-reboot", hosts: host_list
-        on(hosts) do
-          execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Rebooted traefik"), verbosity: :debug
-          execute *KAMAL.registry.login
-          execute *KAMAL.traefik.stop
-          execute *KAMAL.traefik.remove_container
-          execute *KAMAL.traefik.run
+    confirming "This will cause a brief outage on each host. Are you sure?" do
+      mutating do
+        host_groups = options[:rolling] ? KAMAL.traefik_hosts : [ KAMAL.traefik_hosts ]
+        host_groups.each do |hosts|
+          host_list = Array(hosts).join(",")
+          run_hook "pre-traefik-reboot", hosts: host_list
+          on(hosts) do
+            execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Rebooted traefik"), verbosity: :debug
+            execute *KAMAL.registry.login
+            execute *KAMAL.traefik.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
+            execute *KAMAL.traefik.remove_container
+            execute *KAMAL.traefik.run
+          end
+          run_hook "post-traefik-reboot", hosts: host_list
         end
-        run_hook "post-traefik-reboot", hosts: host_list
       end
     end
   end
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ class Kamal::Cli::Traefik < Kamal::Cli::Base
     mutating do
       on(KAMAL.traefik_hosts) do
         execute *KAMAL.auditor.record("Stopped traefik"), verbosity: :debug
-        execute *KAMAL.traefik.stop
+        execute *KAMAL.traefik.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
       end
     end
   end

lib/kamal/commander.rb

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class Kamal::Commander
 
   def primary_host
     # Given a list of specific roles, make an effort to match up with the primary_role
-    specific_hosts&.first || specific_roles&.detect { |role| role.name == config.primary_role }&.primary_host || specific_roles&.first&.primary_host || config.primary_host
+    specific_hosts&.first || specific_roles&.detect { |role| role == config.primary_role }&.primary_host || specific_roles&.first&.primary_host || config.primary_host
   end
 
   def primary_role
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class Kamal::Commander
   end
 
   def roles_on(host)
-    roles.select { |role| role.hosts.include?(host.to_s) }.map(&:name)
+    roles.select { |role| role.hosts.include?(host.to_s) }
   end
 
   def traefik_hosts

lib/kamal/commands/accessory.rb

@@ -99,11 +99,11 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Accessory < Kamal::Commands::Base
   end
 
   def make_env_directory
-    make_directory accessory_config.host_env_directory
+    make_directory accessory_config.env.secrets_directory
   end
 
   def remove_env_file
-    [:rm, "-f", accessory_config.host_env_file_path]
+    [ :rm, "-f", accessory_config.env.secrets_file ]
   end
 
   private

lib/kamal/commands/app.rb

@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@ class Kamal::Commands::App < Kamal::Commands::Base
 
   ACTIVE_DOCKER_STATUSES = [ :running, :restarting ]
 
-  attr_reader :role, :role_config
+  attr_reader :role, :role
 
   def initialize(config, role: nil)
     super(config)
     @role = role
-    @role_config = config.role(self.role)
   end
 
   def run(hostname: nil)
@@ -16,18 +15,18 @@ class Kamal::Commands::App < Kamal::Commands::Base
       "--detach",
       "--restart unless-stopped",
       "--name", container_name,
-      *(["--hostname", hostname] if hostname),
+      *([ "--hostname", hostname ] if hostname),
       "-e", "KAMAL_CONTAINER_NAME=\"#{container_name}\"",
       "-e", "KAMAL_VERSION=\"#{config.version}\"",
-      *role_config.env_args,
-      *role_config.health_check_args,
-      *config.logging_args,
+      *role.env_args,
+      *role.health_check_args,
+      *role.logging_args,
       *config.volume_args,
-      *role_config.asset_volume_args,
-      *role_config.label_args,
-      *role_config.option_args,
+      *role.asset_volume_args,
+      *role.label_args,
+      *role.option_args,
       config.absolute_image,
-      role_config.cmd
+      role.cmd
   end
 
   def start
@@ -64,32 +63,28 @@ class Kamal::Commands::App < Kamal::Commands::Base
   def list_versions(*docker_args, statuses: nil)
     pipe \
       docker(:ps, *filter_args(statuses: statuses), *docker_args, "--format", '"{{.Names}}"'),
-      %(while read line; do echo ${line##{role_config.container_prefix}-}; done) # Extract SHA from "service-role-dest-SHA"
+      %(while read line; do echo ${line##{role.container_prefix}-}; done) # Extract SHA from "service-role-dest-SHA"
   end
 
 
   def make_env_directory
-    make_directory role_config.host_env_directory
+    make_directory role.env.secrets_directory
   end
 
   def remove_env_file
-    [ :rm, "-f", role_config.host_env_file_path ]
+    [ :rm, "-f", role.env.secrets_file ]
   end
 
 
   private
     def container_name(version = nil)
-      [ role_config.container_prefix, version || config.version ].compact.join("-")
+      [ role.container_prefix, version || config.version ].compact.join("-")
     end
 
     def filter_args(statuses: nil)
       argumentize "--filter", filters(statuses: statuses)
     end
 
-    def service_role_dest
-      [ config.service, role, config.destination ].compact.join("-")
-    end
-
     def filters(statuses: nil)
       [ "label=service=#{config.service}" ].tap do |filters|
         filters << "label=destination=#{config.destination}" if config.destination

lib/kamal/commands/app/assets.rb

@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 module Kamal::Commands::App::Assets
   def extract_assets
-    asset_container = "#{role_config.container_prefix}-assets"
+    asset_container = "#{role.container_prefix}-assets"
 
     combine \
-      make_directory(role_config.asset_extracted_path),
-      [*docker(:stop, "-t 1", asset_container, "2> /dev/null"), "|| true"],
+      make_directory(role.asset_extracted_path),
+      [ *docker(:stop, "-t 1", asset_container, "2> /dev/null"), "|| true" ],
       docker(:run, "--name", asset_container, "--detach", "--rm", config.latest_image, "sleep 1000000"),
-      docker(:cp, "-L", "#{asset_container}:#{role_config.asset_path}/.", role_config.asset_extracted_path),
+      docker(:cp, "-L", "#{asset_container}:#{role.asset_path}/.", role.asset_extracted_path),
       docker(:stop, "-t 1", asset_container),
       by: "&&"
   end
 
   def sync_asset_volumes(old_version: nil)
-    new_extracted_path, new_volume_path = role_config.asset_extracted_path(config.version), role_config.asset_volume.host_path
+    new_extracted_path, new_volume_path = role.asset_extracted_path(config.version), role.asset_volume.host_path
     if old_version.present?
-      old_extracted_path, old_volume_path = role_config.asset_extracted_path(old_version), role_config.asset_volume(old_version).host_path
+      old_extracted_path, old_volume_path = role.asset_extracted_path(old_version), role.asset_volume(old_version).host_path
     end
 
-    commands = [make_directory(new_volume_path), copy_contents(new_extracted_path, new_volume_path)]
+    commands = [ make_directory(new_volume_path), copy_contents(new_extracted_path, new_volume_path) ]
 
     if old_version.present?
       commands << copy_contents(new_extracted_path, old_volume_path, continue_on_error: true)
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ module Kamal::Commands::App::Assets
 
   def clean_up_assets
     chain \
-      find_and_remove_older_siblings(role_config.asset_extracted_path),
-      find_and_remove_older_siblings(role_config.asset_volume_path)
+      find_and_remove_older_siblings(role.asset_extracted_path),
+      find_and_remove_older_siblings(role.asset_volume_path)
   end
 
   private
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ module Kamal::Commands::App::Assets
         :find,
         Pathname.new(path).dirname.to_s,
         "-maxdepth 1",
-        "-name", "'#{role_config.container_prefix}-*'",
+        "-name", "'#{role.container_prefix}-*'",
         "!", "-name", Pathname.new(path).basename.to_s,
         "-exec rm -rf \"{}\" +"
       ]
     end
 
     def copy_contents(source, destination, continue_on_error: false)
-      [ :cp, "-rnT", "#{source}", destination, *("|| true" if continue_on_error)]
+      [ :cp, "-rnT", "#{source}", destination, *("|| true" if continue_on_error) ]
     end
 end

lib/kamal/commands/app/cord.rb

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module Kamal::Commands::App::Cord
   def cord(version:)
     pipe \
       docker(:inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", container_name(version)),
-      [:awk, "'$2 == \"#{role_config.cord_volume.container_path}\" {print $1}'"]
+      [ :awk, "'$2 == \"#{role.cord_volume.container_path}\" {print $1}'" ]
   end
 
   def tie_cord(cord)
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ module Kamal::Commands::App::Cord
   def cut_cord(cord)
     remove_directory(cord)
   end
-  
-  private    
+
+  private
     def create_empty_file(file)
       chain \
         make_directory_for(file),
-        [:touch, file]
+        [ :touch, file ]
     end
 end

lib/kamal/commands/app/execution.rb

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ module Kamal::Commands::App::Execution
     docker :run,
       ("-it" if interactive),
       "--rm",
-      *role_config&.env_args,
+      *role&.env_args,
       *config.volume_args,
-      *role_config&.option_args,
+      *role&.option_args,
       config.absolute_image,
       *command
   end

lib/kamal/commands/app/logging.rb

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ module Kamal::Commands::App::Logging
       ("grep '#{grep}'" if grep)
   end
 
-  def follow_logs(host:, grep: nil)
+  def follow_logs(host:, lines: nil, grep: nil)
     run_over_ssh \
       pipe(
         current_running_container_id,
-        "xargs docker logs --timestamps --tail 10 --follow 2>&1",
+        "xargs docker logs --timestamps#{" --tail #{lines}" if lines} --follow 2>&1",
         (%(grep "#{grep}") if grep)
       ),
       host: host

lib/kamal/commands/base.rb

@@ -62,10 +62,18 @@ module Kamal::Commands
         combine *commands, by: ">"
       end
 
+      def any(*commands)
+        combine *commands, by: "||"
+      end
+
       def xargs(command)
         [ :xargs, command ].flatten
       end
 
+      def shell(command)
+        [ :sh, "-c", "'#{command.flatten.join(" ").gsub("'", "'\\''")}'" ]
+      end
+
       def docker(*args)
         args.compact.unshift :docker
       end

lib/kamal/commands/builder/base.rb

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base < Kamal::Commands::Base
   class BuilderError < StandardError; end
 
   delegate :argumentize, to: Kamal::Utils
-  delegate :args, :secrets, :dockerfile, :local_arch, :local_host, :remote_arch, :remote_host, :cache_from, :cache_to, to: :builder_config
+  delegate :args, :secrets, :dockerfile, :local_arch, :local_host, :remote_arch, :remote_host, :cache_from, :cache_to, :ssh, to: :builder_config
 
   def clean
     docker :image, :rm, "--force", config.absolute_image
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base < Kamal::Commands::Base
   end
 
   def build_options
-    [ *build_tags, *build_cache, *build_labels, *build_args, *build_secrets, *build_dockerfile ]
+    [ *build_tags, *build_cache, *build_labels, *build_args, *build_secrets, *build_dockerfile, *build_ssh ]
   end
 
   def build_context
@@ -24,7 +24,10 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base < Kamal::Commands::Base
   def validate_image
     pipe \
       docker(:inspect, "-f", "'{{ .Config.Labels.service }}'", config.absolute_image),
-      [:grep, "-x", config.service, "||", "(echo \"Image #{config.absolute_image} is missing the `service` label\" && exit 1)"]
+      any(
+        [ :grep, "-x", config.service ],
+        "(echo \"Image #{config.absolute_image} is missing the 'service' label\" && exit 1)"
+      )
   end
 
 
@@ -35,8 +38,8 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base < Kamal::Commands::Base
 
     def build_cache
       if cache_to && cache_from
-        ["--cache-to", cache_to,
-          "--cache-from", cache_from]
+        [ "--cache-to", cache_to,
+          "--cache-from", cache_from ]
       end
     end
 
@@ -60,6 +63,10 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base < Kamal::Commands::Base
       end
     end
 
+    def build_ssh
+      argumentize "--ssh", ssh if ssh.present?
+    end
+
     def builder_config
       config.builder
     end

lib/kamal/commands/builder/multiarch.rb

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Multiarch < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base
   def push
     docker :buildx, :build,
       "--push",
-      "--platform", "linux/amd64,linux/arm64",
+      "--platform", platform_names,
       "--builder", builder_name,
       *build_options,
       build_context
@@ -26,4 +26,12 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Builder::Multiarch < Kamal::Commands::Builder::Base
     def builder_name
       "kamal-#{config.service}-multiarch"
     end
+
+    def platform_names
+      if local_arch
+        "linux/#{local_arch}"
+      else
+        "linux/amd64,linux/arm64"
+      end
+    end
 end

lib/kamal/commands/docker.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Kamal::Commands::Docker < Kamal::Commands::Base
   # Install Docker using the https://github.com/docker/docker-install convenience script.
   def install
-    pipe [ :curl, "-fsSL", "https://get.docker.com" ], :sh
+    pipe get_docker, :sh
   end
 
   # Checks the Docker client version. Fails if Docker is not installed.
@@ -18,4 +18,13 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Docker < Kamal::Commands::Base
   def superuser?
     [ '[ "${EUID:-$(id -u)}" -eq 0 ] || command -v sudo >/dev/null || command -v su >/dev/null' ]
   end
+
+  private
+    def get_docker
+      shell \
+        any \
+          [ :curl, "-fsSL", "https://get.docker.com" ],
+          [ :wget, "-O -", "https://get.docker.com" ],
+          [ :echo, "\"exit 1\"" ]
+    end
 end

lib/kamal/commands/healthcheck.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 class Kamal::Commands::Healthcheck < Kamal::Commands::Base
-
   def run
     primary = config.role(config.primary_role)
 

lib/kamal/commands/lock.rb

@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 require "active_support/duration"
 require "time"
+require "base64"
 
 class Kamal::Commands::Lock < Kamal::Commands::Base
   def acquire(message, version)
     combine \
-      [:mkdir, lock_dir],
+      [ :mkdir, lock_dir ],
       write_lock_details(message, version)
   end
 
   def release
     combine \
-      [:rm, lock_details_file],
-      [:rm, "-r", lock_dir]
+      [ :rm, lock_details_file ],
+      [ :rm, "-r", lock_dir ]
   end
 
   def status
@@ -23,19 +24,19 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Lock < Kamal::Commands::Base
   private
     def write_lock_details(message, version)
       write \
-        [:echo, "\"#{Base64.encode64(lock_details(message, version))}\""],
+        [ :echo, "\"#{Base64.encode64(lock_details(message, version))}\"" ],
         lock_details_file
     end
 
     def read_lock_details
       pipe \
-        [:cat, lock_details_file],
-        [:base64, "-d"]
+        [ :cat, lock_details_file ],
+        [ :base64, "-d" ]
     end
 
     def stat_lock_dir
       write \
-        [:stat, lock_dir],
+        [ :stat, lock_dir ],
         "/dev/null"
     end
 
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Lock < Kamal::Commands::Base
     end
 
     def lock_details_file
-      [lock_dir, :details].join("/")
+      [ lock_dir, :details ].join("/")
     end
 
     def lock_details(message, version)

lib/kamal/commands/prune.rb

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Prune < Kamal::Commands::Base
       "while read image tag; do docker rmi $tag; done"
   end
 
-  def app_containers(keep_last: 5)
+  def app_containers(retain:)
     pipe \
       docker(:ps, "-q", "-a", *service_filter, *stopped_containers_filters),
-      "tail -n +#{keep_last + 1}",
+      "tail -n +#{retain + 1}",
       "while read container_id; do docker rm $container_id; done"
   end
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Prune < Kamal::Commands::Base
 
   private
     def stopped_containers_filters
-      [ "created", "exited", "dead" ].flat_map { |status| ["--filter", "status=#{status}"] }
+      [ "created", "exited", "dead" ].flat_map { |status| [ "--filter", "status=#{status}" ] }
     end
 
     def active_image_list
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Prune < Kamal::Commands::Base
     def healthcheck_service_filter
       [ "--filter", "label=service=#{config.healthcheck_service}" ]
     end
-  end
+end

lib/kamal/commands/registry.rb

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Registry < Kamal::Commands::Base
   delegate :registry, to: :config
 
   def login
-    docker :login, registry["server"], "-u", sensitive(lookup("username")), "-p", sensitive(lookup("password"))
+    docker :login,
+      registry["server"],
+      "-u", sensitive(Kamal::Utils.escape_shell_value(lookup("username"))),
+      "-p", sensitive(Kamal::Utils.escape_shell_value(lookup("password")))
   end
 
   def logout

lib/kamal/commands/server.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Kamal::Commands::Server < Kamal::Commands::Base
   def ensure_run_directory
-    [:mkdir, "-p", config.run_directory]
+    [ :mkdir, "-p", config.run_directory ]
   end
 end

lib/kamal/commands/traefik.rb

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 class Kamal::Commands::Traefik < Kamal::Commands::Base
   delegate :argumentize, :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils
 
-  DEFAULT_IMAGE = "traefik:v2.9"
+  DEFAULT_IMAGE = "traefik:v2.10"
   CONTAINER_PORT = 80
   DEFAULT_ARGS = {
-    'log.level' => 'DEBUG'
+    "log.level" => "DEBUG"
   }
   DEFAULT_LABELS = {
     # These ensure we serve a 502 rather than a 404 if no containers are available
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Traefik < Kamal::Commands::Base
   end
 
   def start_or_run
-    combine start, run, by: "||"
+    any start, run
   end
 
   def info
@@ -71,20 +71,18 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Traefik < Kamal::Commands::Base
     "#{host_port}:#{CONTAINER_PORT}"
   end
 
-  def env_file
-    Kamal::EnvFile.new(config.traefik.fetch("env", {}))
-  end
-
-  def host_env_file_path
-    File.join host_env_directory, "traefik.env"
+  def env
+    Kamal::Configuration::Env.from_config \
+      config: config.traefik.fetch("env", {}),
+      secrets_file: File.join(config.host_env_directory, "traefik", "traefik.env")
   end
 
   def make_env_directory
-    make_directory(host_env_directory)
+    make_directory(env.secrets_directory)
   end
 
   def remove_env_file
-    [:rm, "-f", host_env_file_path]
+    [ :rm, "-f", env.secrets_file ]
   end
 
   private
@@ -97,11 +95,7 @@ class Kamal::Commands::Traefik < Kamal::Commands::Base
     end
 
     def env_args
-      argumentize "--env-file", host_env_file_path
-    end
-
-    def host_env_directory
-      File.join config.host_env_directory, "traefik"
+      env.args
     end
 
     def labels

lib/kamal/configuration.rb

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ require "erb"
 require "net/ssh/proxy/jump"
 
 class Kamal::Configuration
-  delegate :service, :image, :servers, :env, :labels, :registry, :stop_wait_time, :hooks_path, to: :raw_config, allow_nil: true
+  delegate :service, :image, :servers, :labels, :registry, :stop_wait_time, :hooks_path, :logging, to: :raw_config, allow_nil: true
   delegate :argumentize, :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils
 
   attr_reader :destination, :raw_config
@@ -92,7 +92,19 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
   end
 
   def primary_host
-    role(primary_role)&.primary_host
+    primary_role&.primary_host
+  end
+
+  def primary_role_name
+    raw_config.primary_role || "web"
+  end
+
+  def primary_role
+    role(primary_role_name)
+  end
+
+  def allow_empty_roles?
+    raw_config.allow_empty_roles
   end
 
   def traefik_roles
@@ -116,7 +128,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
   end
 
   def latest_image
-    "#{repository}:latest"
+    "#{repository}:#{[ "latest", *destination ].join("-")}"
   end
 
   def service_with_version
@@ -127,6 +139,10 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
     raw_config.require_destination
   end
 
+  def retain_containers
+    raw_config.retain_containers || 5
+  end
+
 
   def volume_args
     if raw_config.volumes.present?
@@ -137,9 +153,9 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
   end
 
   def logging_args
-    if raw_config.logging.present?
-      optionize({ "log-driver" => raw_config.logging["driver"] }.compact) +
-        argumentize("--log-opt", raw_config.logging["options"])
+    if logging.present?
+      optionize({ "log-driver" => logging["driver"] }.compact) +
+        argumentize("--log-opt", logging["options"])
     else
       argumentize("--log-opt", { "max-size" => "10m" })
     end
@@ -200,25 +216,22 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
     raw_config.hooks_path || ".kamal/hooks"
   end
 
-  def host_env_directory
-    "#{run_directory}/env"
-  end
-
   def asset_path
     raw_config.asset_path
   end
 
-  def primary_role
-    raw_config.primary_role || "web"
+
+  def host_env_directory
+    "#{run_directory}/env"
   end
 
-  def allow_empty_roles?
-    raw_config.allow_empty_roles
+  def env
+    raw_config.env || {}
   end
 
 
   def valid?
-    ensure_destination_if_required && ensure_required_keys_present && ensure_valid_kamal_version
+    ensure_destination_if_required && ensure_required_keys_present && ensure_valid_kamal_version && ensure_retain_containers_valid && ensure_valid_service_name
   end
 
   def to_h
@@ -264,12 +277,12 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
         raise ArgumentError, "You must specify a password for the registry in config/deploy.yml (or set the ENV variable if that's used)"
       end
 
-      unless role_names.include?(primary_role)
-        raise ArgumentError, "The primary_role #{primary_role} isn't defined"
+      unless role_names.include?(primary_role_name)
+        raise ArgumentError, "The primary_role #{primary_role_name} isn't defined"
       end
 
-      if role(primary_role).hosts.empty?
-        raise ArgumentError, "No servers specified for the #{primary_role} primary_role"
+      if primary_role.hosts.empty?
+        raise ArgumentError, "No servers specified for the #{primary_role.name} primary_role"
       end
 
       unless allow_empty_roles?
@@ -283,6 +296,12 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
       true
     end
 
+    def ensure_valid_service_name
+      raise ArgumentError, "Service name can only include alphanumeric characters, hyphens, and underscores" unless raw_config[:service] =~ /^[a-z0-9_-]+$/
+
+      true
+    end
+
     def ensure_valid_kamal_version
       if minimum_version && Gem::Version.new(minimum_version) > Gem::Version.new(Kamal::VERSION)
         raise ArgumentError, "Current version is #{Kamal::VERSION}, minimum required is #{minimum_version}"
@@ -291,6 +310,12 @@ class Kamal::Configuration
       true
     end
 
+    def ensure_retain_containers_valid
+      raise ArgumentError, "Must retain at least 1 container" if retain_containers < 1
+
+      true
+    end
+
 
     def role_names
       raw_config.servers.is_a?(Array) ? [ "web" ] : raw_config.servers.keys.sort

lib/kamal/configuration/accessory.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Accessory
   end
 
   def service_name
-    "#{config.service}-#{name}"
+    specifics["service"] || "#{config.service}-#{name}"
   end
 
   def image
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Accessory
   end
 
   def hosts
-    if (specifics.keys & ["host", "hosts", "roles"]).size != 1
+    if (specifics.keys & [ "host", "hosts", "roles" ]).size != 1
       raise ArgumentError, "Specify one of `host`, `hosts` or `roles` for accessory `#{name}`"
     end
 
@@ -42,23 +42,13 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Accessory
   end
 
   def env
-    specifics["env"] || {}
-  end
-
-  def env_file
-    Kamal::EnvFile.new(env)
-  end
-
-  def host_env_directory
-    File.join config.host_env_directory, "accessories"
-  end
-
-  def host_env_file_path
-    File.join host_env_directory, "#{service_name}.env"
+    Kamal::Configuration::Env.from_config \
+      config: specifics.fetch("env", {}),
+      secrets_file: File.join(config.host_env_directory, "accessories", "#{service_name}.env")
   end
 
   def env_args
-    argumentize "--env-file", host_env_file_path
+    env.args
   end
 
   def files
@@ -111,10 +101,10 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Accessory
     end
 
     def with_clear_env_loaded
-      (env["clear"] || env).each { |k, v| ENV[k] = v }
+      env.clear.each { |k, v| ENV[k] = v }
       yield
     ensure
-      (env["clear"] || env).each { |k, v| ENV.delete(k) }
+      env.clear.each { |k, v| ENV.delete(k) }
     end
 
     def read_dynamic_file(local_file)
@@ -159,7 +149,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Accessory
       if specifics.key?("host")
         host = specifics["host"]
         if host
-          [host]
+          [ host ]
         else
           raise ArgumentError, "Missing host for accessory `#{name}`"
         end

lib/kamal/configuration/boot.rb

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Boot
     limit = @options["limit"]
 
     if limit.to_s.end_with?("%")
-      @host_count * limit.to_i / 100
+      [ @host_count * limit.to_i / 100, 1 ].max
     else
       limit
     end

lib/kamal/configuration/builder.rb

@@ -81,10 +81,14 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Builder
     end
   end
 
+  def ssh
+    @options["ssh"]
+  end
+
   private
     def valid?
       if @options["cache"] && @options["cache"]["type"]
-        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid cache type: #{@options["cache"]["type"]}" unless ["gha", "registry"].include?(@options["cache"]["type"])
+        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid cache type: #{@options["cache"]["type"]}" unless [ "gha", "registry" ].include?(@options["cache"]["type"])
       end
     end
 
@@ -105,7 +109,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Builder
     end
 
     def cache_to_config_for_gha
-      [ "type=gha", @options["cache"]&.fetch("options", nil)].compact.join(",")
+      [ "type=gha", @options["cache"]&.fetch("options", nil) ].compact.join(",")
     end
 
     def cache_to_config_for_registry

lib/kamal/configuration/env.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+class Kamal::Configuration::Env
+  attr_reader :secrets_keys, :clear, :secrets_file
+  delegate :argumentize, to: Kamal::Utils
+
+  def self.from_config(config:, secrets_file: nil)
+    secrets_keys = config.fetch("secret", [])
+    clear = config.fetch("clear", config.key?("secret") ? {} : config)
+
+    new clear: clear, secrets_keys: secrets_keys, secrets_file: secrets_file
+  end
+
+  def initialize(clear:, secrets_keys:, secrets_file:)
+    @clear = clear
+    @secrets_keys = secrets_keys
+    @secrets_file = secrets_file
+  end
+
+  def args
+    [ "--env-file", secrets_file, *argumentize("--env", clear) ]
+  end
+
+  def secrets_io
+    StringIO.new(Kamal::EnvFile.new(secrets).to_s)
+  end
+
+  def secrets
+    @secrets ||= secrets_keys.to_h { |key| [ key, ENV.fetch(key) ] }
+  end
+
+  def secrets_directory
+    File.dirname(secrets_file)
+  end
+
+  def merge(other)
+    self.class.new \
+      clear: @clear.merge(other.clear),
+      secrets_keys: @secrets_keys | other.secrets_keys,
+      secrets_file: secrets_file
+  end
+end

lib/kamal/configuration/role.rb

@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
   delegate :argumentize, :optionize, to: Kamal::Utils
 
   attr_accessor :name
+  alias to_s name
 
   def initialize(name, config:)
-   @name, @config = name.inquiry, config
+    @name, @config = name.inquiry, config
   end
 
   def primary_host
@@ -36,29 +37,25 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
     argumentize "--label", labels
   end
 
+  def logging_args
+    args = config.logging || {}
+    args.deep_merge!(specializations["logging"]) if specializations["logging"].present?
 
-  def env
-    if config.env && config.env["secret"]
-      merged_env_with_secrets
+    if args.any?
+      optionize({ "log-driver" => args["driver"] }.compact) +
+        argumentize("--log-opt", args["options"])
     else
-      merged_env
+      config.logging_args
     end
   end
 
-  def env_file
-    Kamal::EnvFile.new(env)
-  end
 
-  def host_env_directory
-    File.join config.host_env_directory, "roles"
-  end
-
-  def host_env_file_path
-    File.join host_env_directory, "#{[config.service, name, config.destination].compact.join("-")}.env"
+  def env
+    @env ||= base_env.merge(specialized_env)
   end
 
   def env_args
-    argumentize "--env-file", host_env_file_path
+    env.args
   end
 
   def asset_volume_args
@@ -101,7 +98,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
   end
 
   def primary?
-    @config.primary_role == name
+    self == @config.primary_role
   end
 
 
@@ -110,13 +107,13 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
   end
 
   def cord_host_directory
-    File.join config.run_directory_as_docker_volume, "cords", [container_prefix, config.run_id].join("-")
+    File.join config.run_directory_as_docker_volume, "cords", [ container_prefix, config.run_id ].join("-")
   end
 
   def cord_volume
     if (cord = health_check_options["cord"])
       @cord_volume ||= Kamal::Configuration::Volume.new \
-        host_path: File.join(config.run_directory, "cords", [container_prefix, config.run_id].join("-")),
+        host_path: File.join(config.run_directory, "cords", [ container_prefix, config.run_id ].join("-")),
         container_path: cord
     end
   end
@@ -204,7 +201,7 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
     end
 
     def traefik_service
-      [ config.service, name, config.destination ].compact.join("-")
+      container_prefix
     end
 
     def custom_labels
@@ -216,31 +213,21 @@ class Kamal::Configuration::Role
 
     def specializations
       if config.servers.is_a?(Array) || config.servers[name].is_a?(Array)
-        { }
+        {}
       else
         config.servers[name].except("hosts")
       end
     end
 
     def specialized_env
-      specializations["env"] || {}
-    end
-
-    def merged_env
-      config.env&.merge(specialized_env) || {}
+      Kamal::Configuration::Env.from_config config: specializations.fetch("env", {})
     end
 
     # Secrets are stored in an array, which won't merge by default, so have to do it by hand.
-    def merged_env_with_secrets
-      merged_env.tap do |new_env|
-        new_env["secret"] = Array(config.env["secret"]) + Array(specialized_env["secret"])
-
-        # If there's no secret/clear split, everything is clear
-        clear_app_env  = config.env["secret"] ? Array(config.env["clear"]) : Array(config.env["clear"] || config.env)
-        clear_role_env = specialized_env["secret"] ? Array(specialized_env["clear"]) : Array(specialized_env["clear"] || specialized_env)
-
-        new_env["clear"] = (clear_app_env + clear_role_env).uniq
-      end
+    def base_env
+      Kamal::Configuration::Env.from_config \
+        config: config.env,
+        secrets_file: File.join(config.host_env_directory, "roles", "#{container_prefix}.env")
     end
 
     def http_health_check(port:, path:)

lib/kamal/env_file.rb

@@ -3,21 +3,11 @@ class Kamal::EnvFile
   def initialize(env)
     @env = env
   end
-  
+
   def to_s
     env_file = StringIO.new.tap do |contents|
-      if (secrets = @env["secret"]).present?
-        @env.fetch("secret", @env)&.each do |key|
-          contents << docker_env_file_line(key, ENV.fetch(key))
-        end
-
-        @env["clear"]&.each do |key, value|
-          contents << docker_env_file_line(key, value)
-        end
-      else
-        @env.fetch("clear", @env)&.each do |key, value|
-          contents << docker_env_file_line(key, value)
-        end
+      @env.each do |key, value|
+        contents << docker_env_file_line(key, value)
       end
     end.string
 
@@ -26,10 +16,10 @@ class Kamal::EnvFile
   end
 
   alias to_str to_s
-  
+
   private
     def docker_env_file_line(key, value)
-      "#{key.to_s}=#{escape_docker_env_file_value(value)}\n"
+      "#{key}=#{escape_docker_env_file_value(value)}\n"
     end
 
     # Escape a value to make it safe to dump in a docker file.

lib/kamal/sshkit_with_ext.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "sshkit"
 require "sshkit/dsl"
+require "net/scp"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge"
 require "json"
 

lib/kamal/utils.rb

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Kamal::Utils
       if value.present?
         attr = "#{key}=#{escape_shell_value(value)}"
         attr = self.sensitive(attr, redaction: "#{key}=[REDACTED]") if sensitive
-        [ argument, attr]
+        [ argument, attr ]
       else
         [ argument, key ]
       end
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module Kamal::Utils
 
   # Flattens a one-to-many structure into an array of two-element arrays each containing a key-value pair
   def flatten_args(args)
-    args.flat_map { |key, value| value.try(:map) { |entry| [key, entry] } || [ [ key, value ] ] }
+    args.flat_map { |key, value| value.try(:map) { |entry| [ key, entry ] } || [ [ key, value ] ] }
   end
 
   # Marks sensitive values for redaction in logs and human-visible output.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ module Kamal::Utils
     Array(filters).select do |filter|
       matches += Array(items).select do |item|
         # Only allow * for a wildcard
-        pattern = Regexp.escape(filter).gsub('\*', '.*')
+        pattern = Regexp.escape(filter).gsub('\*', ".*")
         # items are roles or hosts
         (item.respond_to?(:name) ? item.name : item).match(/^#{pattern}$/)
       end

lib/kamal/version.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module Kamal
-  VERSION = "1.3.0"
+  VERSION = "1.4.0"
 end

test/cli/accessory_test.rb

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
 
     run_command("boot", "mysql").tap do |output|
       assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.3/, output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
     end
   end
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
       assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.3/, output
       assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.1/, output
       assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.2/, output
-      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=\"app-mysql\" mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", output
       assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.1", output
       assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.2", output
     end
@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
     assert_match "docker ps --filter label=service=app-mysql", run_command("details", "mysql")
   end
 
+  test "details with non-existent accessory" do
+    assert_equal "No accessory by the name of 'hello' (options: mysql and redis)", stderred { run_command("details", "hello") }
+  end
+
   test "details with all" do
     run_command("details", "all").tap do |output|
       assert_match "docker ps --filter label=service=app-mysql", output
@@ -148,8 +152,32 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
     assert_match "rm -rf app-mysql", run_command("remove_service_directory", "mysql")
   end
 
+  test "hosts param respected" do
+    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:directories).with("redis")
+    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:upload).with("redis")
+
+    run_command("boot", "redis", "--hosts", "1.1.1.1").tap do |output|
+      assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.1/, output
+      assert_no_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.2/, output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_no_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.2", output
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "hosts param intersected with configuration" do
+    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:directories).with("redis")
+    Kamal::Cli::Accessory.any_instance.expects(:upload).with("redis")
+
+    run_command("boot", "redis", "--hosts", "1.1.1.1,1.1.1.3").tap do |output|
+      assert_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.1/, output
+      assert_no_match /docker login.*on 1.1.1.3/, output
+      assert_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.1", output
+      assert_no_match "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume $PWD/app-redis/data:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" redis:latest on 1.1.1.3", output
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def run_command(*command)
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Accessory.start([*command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Accessory.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml" ]) }
     end
 end

test/cli/app_test.rb

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
       .returns("123") # old version
 
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-123", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", :raise_on_non_zero_exit => false)
+      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-123", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
       .returns("cordfile") # old version
 
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
   test "boot errors leave lock in place" do
     Kamal::Cli::App.any_instance.expects(:using_version).raises(RuntimeError)
 
-    assert !KAMAL.holding_lock?
+    assert_not KAMAL.holding_lock?
     assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
       stderred { run_command("boot") }
     end
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
       .returns("123").twice # old version
 
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-123", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", :raise_on_non_zero_exit => false)
+      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-123", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
       .returns("") # old version
 
     run_command("boot", config: :with_assets).tap do |output|
@@ -223,14 +223,14 @@ class CliAppTest < CliTestCase
 
 
   test "version through main" do
-    stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Main.start(["app", "version", "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml", "--hosts", "1.1.1.1"]) }.tap do |output|
+    stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Main.start([ "app", "version", "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml", "--hosts", "1.1.1.1" ]) }.tap do |output|
       assert_match "docker ps --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --latest --format \"{{.Names}}\" | while read line; do echo ${line#app-web-}; done", output
     end
   end
 
   private
     def run_command(*command, config: :with_accessories)
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::App.start([*command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_#{config}.yml", "--hosts", "1.1.1.1"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::App.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_#{config}.yml", "--hosts", "1.1.1.1" ]) }
     end
 
     def stub_running

test/cli/build_test.rb

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
       .with(:docker, "--version", "&&", :docker, :buildx, "version")
 
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-      .with { |*args| args[0..1] == [:docker, :buildx] }
+      .with { |*args| args[0..1] == [ :docker, :buildx ] }
       .raises(SSHKit::Command::Failed.new("no builder"))
       .then
       .returns(true)
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
 
     assert_raises(Kamal::Cli::HookError) { run_command("push") }
 
-    assert @executions.none? { |args| args[0..2] == [:docker, :buildx, :build] }
+    assert @executions.none? { |args| args[0..2] == [ :docker, :buildx, :build ] }
   end
 
   test "pull" do
     run_command("pull").tap do |output|
       assert_match /docker image rm --force dhh\/app:999/, output
       assert_match /docker pull dhh\/app:999/, output
-      assert_match "docker inspect -f '{{ .Config.Labels.service }}' dhh/app:999 | grep -x app || (echo \"Image dhh/app:999 is missing the `service` label\" && exit 1)", output
+      assert_match "docker inspect -f '{{ .Config.Labels.service }}' dhh/app:999 | grep -x app || (echo \"Image dhh/app:999 is missing the 'service' label\" && exit 1)", output
     end
   end
 
@@ -105,13 +105,13 @@ class CliBuildTest < CliTestCase
 
   private
     def run_command(*command, fixture: :with_accessories)
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Build.start([*command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_#{fixture}.yml"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Build.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_#{fixture}.yml" ]) }
     end
 
     def stub_dependency_checks
       SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
         .with(:docker, "--version", "&&", :docker, :buildx, "version")
       SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-        .with { |*args| args[0..1] == [:docker, :buildx] }
+        .with { |*args| args[0..1] == [ :docker, :buildx ] }
     end
 end

test/cli/cli_test_case.rb

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CliTestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       Kamal::Commands::Hook.any_instance.stubs(:hook_exists?).returns(true)
 
       SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-        .with { |*args| @executions << args; args != [".kamal/hooks/#{hook}"] }
+        .with { |*args| @executions << args; args != [ ".kamal/hooks/#{hook}" ] }
       SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
         .with { |*args| args.first == ".kamal/hooks/#{hook}" }
         .raises(SSHKit::Command::Failed.new("failed"))

test/cli/env_test.rb

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ class CliEnvTest < CliTestCase
       assert_match ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", output
       assert_match ".kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env", output
       assert_match ".kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env", output
-
     end
   end
 
@@ -33,6 +32,6 @@ class CliEnvTest < CliTestCase
 
   private
     def run_command(*command)
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Env.start([*command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Env.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml" ]) }
     end
 end

test/cli/healthcheck_test.rb

@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ class CliHealthcheckTest < CliTestCase
     end
     assert_match "container not ready (unhealthy)", exception.message
   end
-  
+
   test "raises an exception if primary does not have traefik" do
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute).never
-    
+
     exception = assert_raises do
       run_command("perform", config_file: "test/fixtures/deploy_workers_only.yml")
     end
@@ -77,6 +77,6 @@ class CliHealthcheckTest < CliTestCase
 
   private
     def run_command(*command, config_file: "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml")
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck.start([*command, "-c", config_file]) } 
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Healthcheck.start([ *command, "-c", config_file ]) }
     end
 end

test/cli/lock_test.rb

@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ class CliLockTest < CliTestCase
 
   private
     def run_command(*command)
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Lock.start([*command, "-v", "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Lock.start([ *command, "-v", "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml" ]) }
     end
 end

test/cli/main_test.rb

@@ -2,12 +2,47 @@ require_relative "cli_test_case"
 
 class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
   test "setup" do
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:server:bootstrap")
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:env:push")
-    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:boot", [ "all" ])
+    invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_simple.yml", "version" => "999", "skip_hooks" => false }
+
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:server:bootstrap", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:env:push", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:boot", [ "all" ], invoke_options)
     Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:deploy)
 
-    run_command("setup")
+    run_command("setup").tap do |output|
+      assert_match /Ensure Docker is installed.../, output
+      assert_match /Push env files.../, output
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "setup with skip_push" do
+    invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_simple.yml", "version" => "999", "skip_hooks" => false }
+
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:server:bootstrap", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:env:push", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:accessory:boot", [ "all" ], invoke_options)
+    # deploy
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:build:pull", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:healthcheck:perform", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:stale_containers", [], invoke_options.merge(stop: true))
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:app:boot", [], invoke_options)
+    Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options)
+
+    run_command("setup", "--skip_push").tap do |output|
+      assert_match /Ensure Docker is installed.../, output
+      assert_match /Push env files.../, output
+      # deploy
+      assert_match /Acquiring the deploy lock/, output
+      assert_match /Log into image registry/, output
+      assert_match /Pull app image/, output
+      assert_match /Ensure Traefik is running/, output
+      assert_match /Ensure app can pass healthcheck/, output
+      assert_match /Detect stale containers/, output
+      assert_match /Prune old containers and images/, output
+      assert_match /Releasing the deploy lock/, output
+    end
   end
 
   test "deploy" do
@@ -67,7 +102,7 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
       .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal" ] }
 
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-      .with { |*arg| arg[0..1] == [:mkdir, ".kamal/lock-app"] }
+      .with { |*arg| arg[0..1] == [ :mkdir, ".kamal/lock-app" ] }
       .raises(RuntimeError, "mkdir: cannot create directory ‘kamal_lock-app’: File exists")
 
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_debug)
@@ -85,7 +120,7 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
       .with { |*args| args == [ :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal" ] }
 
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.stubs(:execute)
-      .with { |*arg| arg[0..1] == [:mkdir, ".kamal/lock-app"] }
+      .with { |*arg| arg[0..1] == [ :mkdir, ".kamal/lock-app" ] }
       .raises(SocketError, "getaddrinfo: nodename nor servname provided, or not known")
 
     assert_raises(SSHKit::Runner::ExecuteError) do
@@ -100,11 +135,11 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
       .with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options)
       .raises(RuntimeError)
 
-    assert !KAMAL.holding_lock?
+    assert_not KAMAL.holding_lock?
     assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
       stderred { run_command("deploy") }
     end
-    assert !KAMAL.holding_lock?
+    assert_not KAMAL.holding_lock?
   end
 
   test "deploy with skipped hooks" do
@@ -119,15 +154,15 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
     Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:prune:all", [], invoke_options)
 
     run_command("deploy", "--skip_hooks") do
-      refute_match /Running the post-deploy hook.../, output
+      assert_no_match /Running the post-deploy hook.../, output
     end
   end
-  
+
   test "deploy without healthcheck if primary host doesn't have traefik" do
     invoke_options = { "config_file" => "test/fixtures/deploy_workers_only.yml", "version" => "999", "skip_hooks" => false }
 
     Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:healthcheck:perform", [], invoke_options).never
-    
+
     Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:registry:login", [], invoke_options)
     Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:build:deliver", [], invoke_options)
     Kamal::Cli::Main.any_instance.expects(:invoke).with("kamal:cli:traefik:boot", [], invoke_options)
@@ -217,7 +252,7 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
     end
 
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
-      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-version-to-rollback", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", :raise_on_non_zero_exit => false)
+      .with(:docker, :inspect, "-f '{{ range .Mounts }}{{printf \"%s %s\\n\" .Source .Destination}}{{ end }}'", "app-web-version-to-rollback", "|", :awk, "'$2 == \"/tmp/kamal-cord\" {print $1}'", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false)
       .returns("corddirectory").at_least_once # health check
 
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:capture_with_info)
@@ -276,8 +311,8 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
     run_command("config", config_file: "deploy_simple").tap do |output|
       config = YAML.load(output)
 
-      assert_equal ["web"], config[:roles]
-      assert_equal ["1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2"], config[:hosts]
+      assert_equal [ "web" ], config[:roles]
+      assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2" ], config[:hosts]
       assert_equal "999", config[:version]
       assert_equal "dhh/app", config[:repository]
       assert_equal "dhh/app:999", config[:absolute_image]
@@ -289,8 +324,8 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
     run_command("config", config_file: "deploy_with_roles").tap do |output|
       config = YAML.load(output)
 
-      assert_equal ["web", "workers"], config[:roles]
-      assert_equal ["1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3", "1.1.1.4"], config[:hosts]
+      assert_equal [ "web", "workers" ], config[:roles]
+      assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3", "1.1.1.4" ], config[:hosts]
       assert_equal "999", config[:version]
       assert_equal "registry.digitalocean.com/dhh/app", config[:repository]
       assert_equal "registry.digitalocean.com/dhh/app:999", config[:absolute_image]
@@ -302,8 +337,8 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
     run_command("config", config_file: "deploy_primary_web_role_override").tap do |output|
       config = YAML.load(output)
 
-      assert_equal ["web_chicago", "web_tokyo"], config[:roles]
-      assert_equal ["1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3", "1.1.1.4"], config[:hosts]
+      assert_equal [ "web_chicago", "web_tokyo" ], config[:roles]
+      assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3", "1.1.1.4" ], config[:hosts]
       assert_equal "1.1.1.3", config[:primary_host]
     end
   end
@@ -312,8 +347,8 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
     run_command("config", "-d", "world", config_file: "deploy_for_dest").tap do |output|
       config = YAML.load(output)
 
-      assert_equal ["web"], config[:roles]
-      assert_equal ["1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2"], config[:hosts]
+      assert_equal [ "web" ], config[:roles]
+      assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2" ], config[:hosts]
       assert_equal "999", config[:version]
       assert_equal "registry.digitalocean.com/dhh/app", config[:repository]
       assert_equal "registry.digitalocean.com/dhh/app:999", config[:absolute_image]
@@ -325,8 +360,8 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
     run_command("config", config_file: "deploy_with_aliases").tap do |output|
       config = YAML.load(output)
 
-      assert_equal ["web", "web_tokyo", "workers", "workers_tokyo"], config[:roles]
-      assert_equal ["1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3", "1.1.1.4"], config[:hosts]
+      assert_equal [ "web", "web_tokyo", "workers", "workers_tokyo" ], config[:roles]
+      assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3", "1.1.1.4" ], config[:hosts]
       assert_equal "999", config[:version]
       assert_equal "registry.digitalocean.com/dhh/app", config[:repository]
       assert_equal "registry.digitalocean.com/dhh/app:999", config[:absolute_image]
@@ -452,6 +487,6 @@ class CliMainTest < CliTestCase
 
   private
     def run_command(*command, config_file: "deploy_simple")
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Main.start([*command, "-c", "test/fixtures/#{config_file}.yml"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Main.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/#{config_file}.yml" ]) }
     end
 end

test/cli/prune_test.rb

@@ -20,10 +20,19 @@ class CliPruneTest < CliTestCase
       assert_match /docker ps -q -a --filter label=service=app --filter status=created --filter status=exited --filter status=dead | tail -n +6 | while read container_id; do docker rm $container_id; done on 1.1.1.\d/, output
       assert_match /docker container prune --force --filter label=service=healthcheck-app on 1.1.1.\d/, output
      end
+
+    run_command("containers", "--retain", "10").tap do |output|
+      assert_match /docker ps -q -a --filter label=service=app --filter status=created --filter status=exited --filter status=dead | tail -n +11 | while read container_id; do docker rm $container_id; done on 1.1.1.\d/, output
+      assert_match /docker container prune --force --filter label=service=healthcheck-app on 1.1.1.\d/, output
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError, "retain must be at least 1") do
+      run_command("containers", "--retain", "0")
+    end
   end
 
   private
     def run_command(*command)
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Prune.start([*command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Prune.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml" ]) }
     end
 end

test/cli/registry_test.rb

@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ class CliRegistryTest < CliTestCase
 
   private
     def run_command(*command)
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Registry.start([*command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Registry.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml" ]) }
     end
 end

test/cli/server_test.rb

@@ -21,18 +21,21 @@ class CliServerTest < CliTestCase
   test "bootstrap install as root user" do
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute).with(:docker, "-v", raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).returns(false).at_least_once
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute).with('[ "${EUID:-$(id -u)}" -eq 0 ] || command -v sudo >/dev/null || command -v su >/dev/null', raise_on_non_zero_exit: false).returns(true).at_least_once
-    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute).with(:curl, "-fsSL", "https://get.docker.com", "|", :sh).at_least_once
+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute).with(:sh, "-c", "'curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com || wget -O - https://get.docker.com || echo \"exit 1\"'", "|", :sh).at_least_once
     SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute).with(:mkdir, "-p", ".kamal").returns("").at_least_once
+    Kamal::Commands::Hook.any_instance.stubs(:hook_exists?).returns(true)
+    SSHKit::Backend::Abstract.any_instance.expects(:execute).with(".kamal/hooks/docker-setup", anything).at_least_once
 
     run_command("bootstrap").tap do |output|
       ("1.1.1.1".."1.1.1.4").map do |host|
         assert_match "Missing Docker on #{host}. Installing…", output
+        assert_match "Running the docker-setup hook", output
       end
     end
   end
 
   private
     def run_command(*command)
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Server.start([*command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Server.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml" ]) }
     end
 end

test/cli/traefik_test.rb

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class CliTraefikTest < CliTestCase
   test "reboot" do
     Kamal::Commands::Registry.any_instance.expects(:login).twice
 
-    run_command("reboot").tap do |output|
+    run_command("reboot", "-y").tap do |output|
       assert_match "docker container stop traefik", output
       assert_match "docker container prune --force --filter label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik", output
       assert_match "docker run --name traefik --detach --restart unless-stopped --publish 80:80 --volume /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --env-file .kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.entryPoints=\"http\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.rule=\"PathPrefix(\\`/\\`)\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.service=\"unavailable\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.priority=\"1\" --label traefik.http.services.unavailable.loadbalancer.server.port=\"0\" #{Kamal::Commands::Traefik::DEFAULT_IMAGE} --providers.docker --log.level=\"DEBUG\"", output
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CliTraefikTest < CliTestCase
   test "reboot --rolling" do
     Object.any_instance.stubs(:sleep)
 
-    run_command("reboot", "--rolling").tap do |output|
+    run_command("reboot", "--rolling", "-y").tap do |output|
       assert_match "Running docker container prune --force --filter label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik on 1.1.1.1", output
     end
   end
@@ -91,6 +91,6 @@ class CliTraefikTest < CliTestCase
 
   private
     def run_command(*command)
-      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Traefik.start([*command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml"]) }
+      stdouted { Kamal::Cli::Traefik.start([ *command, "-c", "test/fixtures/deploy_with_accessories.yml" ]) }
     end
 end

test/commander_test.rb

@@ -83,14 +83,14 @@ class CommanderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "primary_role" do
-    assert_equal "web", @kamal.primary_role
+    assert_equal "web", @kamal.primary_role.name
     @kamal.specific_roles = "workers"
-    assert_equal "workers", @kamal.primary_role
+    assert_equal "workers", @kamal.primary_role.name
   end
 
   test "roles_on" do
-    assert_equal [ "web" ], @kamal.roles_on("1.1.1.1")
-    assert_equal [ "workers" ], @kamal.roles_on("1.1.1.3")
+    assert_equal [ "web" ], @kamal.roles_on("1.1.1.1").map(&:name)
+    assert_equal [ "workers" ], @kamal.roles_on("1.1.1.3").map(&:name)
   end
 
   test "default group strategy" do
@@ -109,12 +109,18 @@ class CommanderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({ in: :groups, limit: 1, wait: 2 }, @kamal.boot_strategy)
   end
 
+  test "percentage-based group strategy limit is at least 1" do
+    configure_with(:deploy_with_low_percentage_boot_strategy)
+
+    assert_equal({ in: :groups, limit: 1, wait: 2 }, @kamal.boot_strategy)
+  end
+
   test "try to match the primary role from a list of specific roles" do
     configure_with(:deploy_primary_web_role_override)
 
     @kamal.specific_roles = [ "web_*" ]
     assert_equal [ "web_chicago", "web_tokyo" ], @kamal.roles.map(&:name)
-    assert_equal "web_tokyo", @kamal.primary_role
+    assert_equal "web_tokyo", @kamal.primary_role.name
     assert_equal "1.1.1.3", @kamal.primary_host
   end
 

test/commands/accessory_test.rb

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ class CommandsAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
           ]
         },
         "busybox" => {
+          "service" => "custom-busybox",
           "image" => "busybox:latest",
           "host" => "1.1.1.7"
         }
@@ -49,15 +50,15 @@ class CommandsAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "run" do
     assert_equal \
-      "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --label service=\"app-mysql\" private.registry/mysql:8.0",
+      "docker run --name app-mysql --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 3306:3306 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" --label service=\"app-mysql\" private.registry/mysql:8.0",
       new_command(:mysql).run.join(" ")
 
     assert_equal \
-      "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --volume /var/lib/redis:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" --label cache=\"true\" redis:latest",
+      "docker run --name app-redis --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --publish 6379:6379 --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env --env SOMETHING=\"else\" --volume /var/lib/redis:/data --label service=\"app-redis\" --label cache=\"true\" redis:latest",
       new_command(:redis).run.join(" ")
 
     assert_equal \
-      "docker run --name app-busybox --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-busybox.env --label service=\"app-busybox\" busybox:latest",
+      "docker run --name custom-busybox --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/custom-busybox.env --label service=\"custom-busybox\" busybox:latest",
       new_command(:busybox).run.join(" ")
   end
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ class CommandsAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @config[:logging] = { "driver" => "local", "options" => { "max-size" => "100m", "max-file" => "3" } }
 
     assert_equal \
-      "docker run --name app-busybox --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-driver \"local\" --log-opt max-size=\"100m\" --log-opt max-file=\"3\" --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-busybox.env --label service=\"app-busybox\" busybox:latest",
+      "docker run --name custom-busybox --detach --restart unless-stopped --log-driver \"local\" --log-opt max-size=\"100m\" --log-opt max-file=\"3\" --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/custom-busybox.env --label service=\"custom-busybox\" busybox:latest",
       new_command(:busybox).run.join(" ")
   end
 
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ class CommandsAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "execute in new container" do
     assert_equal \
-      "docker run --rm --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env private.registry/mysql:8.0 mysql -u root",
+      "docker run --rm --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" private.registry/mysql:8.0 mysql -u root",
       new_command(:mysql).execute_in_new_container("mysql", "-u", "root").join(" ")
   end
 
@@ -102,14 +103,14 @@ class CommandsAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "execute in new container over ssh" do
     new_command(:mysql).stub(:run_over_ssh, ->(cmd) { cmd.join(" ") }) do
-      assert_match %r|docker run -it --rm --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env private.registry/mysql:8.0 mysql -u root|,
+      assert_match %r{docker run -it --rm --env-file .kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\" private.registry/mysql:8.0 mysql -u root},
         new_command(:mysql).execute_in_new_container_over_ssh("mysql", "-u", "root")
     end
   end
 
   test "execute in existing container over ssh" do
     new_command(:mysql).stub(:run_over_ssh, ->(cmd) { cmd.join(" ") }) do
-      assert_match %r|docker exec -it app-mysql mysql -u root|,
+      assert_match %r{docker exec -it app-mysql mysql -u root},
         new_command(:mysql).execute_in_existing_container_over_ssh("mysql", "-u", "root")
     end
   end

test/commands/app_test.rb

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CommandsAppTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "run with volumes" do
-    @config[:volumes] = ["/local/path:/container/path" ]
+    @config[:volumes] = [ "/local/path:/container/path" ]
 
     assert_equal \
       "docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-999 -e KAMAL_CONTAINER_NAME=\"app-web-999\" -e KAMAL_VERSION=\"999\" --env-file .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env --health-cmd \"(curl -f http://localhost:3000/up || exit 1) && (stat /tmp/kamal-cord/cord > /dev/null || exit 1)\" --health-interval \"1s\" --volume $(pwd)/.kamal/cords/app-web-12345678901234567890123456789012:/tmp/kamal-cord --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --volume /local/path:/container/path --label service=\"app\" --label role=\"web\" --label traefik.http.services.app-web.loadbalancer.server.scheme=\"http\" --label traefik.http.routers.app-web.rule=\"PathPrefix(\\`/\\`)\" --label traefik.http.routers.app-web.priority=\"2\" --label traefik.http.middlewares.app-web-retry.retry.attempts=\"5\" --label traefik.http.middlewares.app-web-retry.retry.initialinterval=\"500ms\" --label traefik.http.routers.app-web.middlewares=\"app-web-retry@docker\" dhh/app:999",
@@ -71,6 +71,15 @@ class CommandsAppTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       new_command.run.join(" ")
   end
 
+  test "run with role logging config" do
+    @config[:logging] = { "driver" => "local", "options" => { "max-size" => "10m", "max-file" => "3" } }
+    @config[:servers] = { "web" => { "hosts" => [ "1.1.1.1" ], "logging" => { "driver" => "local", "options" => { "max-size" => "100m" } } } }
+
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker run --detach --restart unless-stopped --name app-web-999 -e KAMAL_CONTAINER_NAME=\"app-web-999\" -e KAMAL_VERSION=\"999\" --env-file .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env --health-cmd \"(curl -f http://localhost:3000/up || exit 1) && (stat /tmp/kamal-cord/cord > /dev/null || exit 1)\" --health-interval \"1s\" --volume $(pwd)/.kamal/cords/app-web-12345678901234567890123456789012:/tmp/kamal-cord --log-driver \"local\" --log-opt max-size=\"100m\" --log-opt max-file=\"3\" --label service=\"app\" --label role=\"web\" --label traefik.http.services.app-web.loadbalancer.server.scheme=\"http\" --label traefik.http.routers.app-web.rule=\"PathPrefix(\\`/\\`)\" --label traefik.http.routers.app-web.priority=\"2\" --label traefik.http.middlewares.app-web-retry.retry.attempts=\"5\" --label traefik.http.middlewares.app-web-retry.retry.initialinterval=\"500ms\" --label traefik.http.routers.app-web.middlewares=\"app-web-retry@docker\" dhh/app:999",
+      new_command.run.join(" ")
+  end
+
   test "start" do
     assert_equal \
       "docker start app-web-999",
@@ -145,12 +154,20 @@ class CommandsAppTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "follow logs" do
     assert_match \
-      "docker ps --quiet --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --latest | xargs docker logs --timestamps --tail 10 --follow 2>&1",
+      "docker ps --quiet --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --latest | xargs docker logs --timestamps --follow 2>&1",
       new_command.follow_logs(host: "app-1")
 
     assert_match \
-      "docker ps --quiet --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --latest | xargs docker logs --timestamps --tail 10 --follow 2>&1 | grep \"Completed\"",
+      "docker ps --quiet --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --latest | xargs docker logs --timestamps --follow 2>&1 | grep \"Completed\"",
       new_command.follow_logs(host: "app-1", grep: "Completed")
+
+    assert_match \
+      "docker ps --quiet --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --latest | xargs docker logs --timestamps --tail 123 --follow 2>&1",
+      new_command.follow_logs(host: "app-1", lines: 123)
+
+    assert_match \
+      "docker ps --quiet --filter label=service=app --filter label=role=web --filter status=running --filter status=restarting --latest | xargs docker logs --timestamps --tail 123 --follow 2>&1 | grep \"Completed\"",
+      new_command.follow_logs(host: "app-1", lines: 123, grep: "Completed")
   end
 
 
@@ -174,18 +191,18 @@ class CommandsAppTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "execute in new container over ssh" do
-    assert_match %r|docker run -it --rm --env-file .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env dhh/app:999 bin/rails c|,
+    assert_match %r{docker run -it --rm --env-file .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env dhh/app:999 bin/rails c},
       new_command.execute_in_new_container_over_ssh("bin/rails", "c", host: "app-1")
   end
 
   test "execute in new container with custom options over ssh" do
     @config[:servers] = { "web" => { "hosts" => [ "1.1.1.1" ], "options" => { "mount" => "somewhere", "cap-add" => true } } }
-    assert_match %r|docker run -it --rm --env-file .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env --mount \"somewhere\" --cap-add dhh/app:999 bin/rails c|,
+    assert_match %r{docker run -it --rm --env-file .kamal/env/roles/app-web.env --mount \"somewhere\" --cap-add dhh/app:999 bin/rails c},
       new_command.execute_in_new_container_over_ssh("bin/rails", "c", host: "app-1")
   end
 
   test "execute in existing container over ssh" do
-    assert_match %r|docker exec -it app-web-999 bin/rails c|,
+    assert_match %r{docker exec -it app-web-999 bin/rails c},
       new_command.execute_in_existing_container_over_ssh("bin/rails", "c", host: "app-1")
   end
 
@@ -370,7 +387,7 @@ class CommandsAppTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :mkdir, "-p", ".kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-999", ";",
       :cp, "-rnT", ".kamal/assets/extracted/app-web-999", ".kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-999", ";",
       :cp, "-rnT", ".kamal/assets/extracted/app-web-999", ".kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-998", "|| true", ";",
-      :cp, "-rnT", ".kamal/assets/extracted/app-web-998", ".kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-999", "|| true",
+      :cp, "-rnT", ".kamal/assets/extracted/app-web-998", ".kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-999", "|| true"
     ], new_command(asset_path: "/public/assets").sync_asset_volumes(old_version: 998)
   end
 
@@ -383,6 +400,7 @@ class CommandsAppTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   private
     def new_command(role: "web", **additional_config)
-      Kamal::Commands::App.new(Kamal::Configuration.new(@config.merge(additional_config), destination: @destination, version: "999"), role: role)
+      config = Kamal::Configuration.new(@config.merge(additional_config), destination: @destination, version: "999")
+      Kamal::Commands::App.new(config, role: config.role(role))
     end
 end

test/commands/builder_test.rb

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class CommandsBuilderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "target multiarch by default" do
-    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "cache" => { "type" => "gha" }})
+    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "cache" => { "type" => "gha" } })
     assert_equal "multiarch", builder.name
     assert_equal \
       "docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --builder kamal-app-multiarch -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --cache-to type=gha --cache-from type=gha --label service=\"app\" --file Dockerfile .",
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class CommandsBuilderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "target native cached when multiarch is off and cache is set" do
-    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "multiarch" => false, "cache" => { "type" => "gha" }})
+    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "multiarch" => false, "cache" => { "type" => "gha" } })
     assert_equal "native/cached", builder.name
     assert_equal \
       "docker buildx build --push -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --cache-to type=gha --cache-from type=gha --label service=\"app\" --file Dockerfile .",
@@ -30,13 +30,21 @@ class CommandsBuilderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "target multiarch remote when local and remote is set" do
-    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "local" => { }, "remote" => { }, "cache" => { "type" => "gha" } })
+    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "local" => {}, "remote" => {}, "cache" => { "type" => "gha" } })
     assert_equal "multiarch/remote", builder.name
     assert_equal \
       "docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --builder kamal-app-multiarch-remote -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --cache-to type=gha --cache-from type=gha --label service=\"app\" --file Dockerfile .",
       builder.push.join(" ")
   end
 
+  test "target multiarch local when arch is set" do
+    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "local" => { "arch" => "amd64" } })
+    assert_equal "multiarch", builder.name
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64 --builder kamal-app-multiarch -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=\"app\" --file Dockerfile .",
+      builder.push.join(" ")
+  end
+
   test "target native remote when only remote is set" do
     builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "remote" => { "arch" => "amd64" }, "cache" => { "type" => "gha" } })
     assert_equal "native/remote", builder.name
@@ -53,7 +61,7 @@ class CommandsBuilderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "build secrets" do
-    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "secrets" => ["token_a", "token_b"] })
+    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "secrets" => [ "token_a", "token_b" ] })
     assert_equal \
       "-t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=\"app\" --secret id=\"token_a\" --secret id=\"token_b\" --file Dockerfile",
       builder.target.build_options.join(" ")
@@ -103,8 +111,16 @@ class CommandsBuilderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       builder.push.join(" ")
   end
 
+  test "build with ssh agent socket" do
+    builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "ssh" => "default=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK" })
+
+    assert_equal \
+      "-t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=\"app\" --file Dockerfile --ssh default=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK",
+      builder.target.build_options.join(" ")
+  end
+
   test "validate image" do
-    assert_equal "docker inspect -f '{{ .Config.Labels.service }}' dhh/app:123 | grep -x app || (echo \"Image dhh/app:123 is missing the `service` label\" && exit 1)", new_builder_command.validate_image.join(" ")
+    assert_equal "docker inspect -f '{{ .Config.Labels.service }}' dhh/app:123 | grep -x app || (echo \"Image dhh/app:123 is missing the 'service' label\" && exit 1)", new_builder_command.validate_image.join(" ")
   end
 
   private

test/commands/docker_test.rb

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class CommandsDockerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "install" do
-    assert_equal "curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | sh", @docker.install.join(" ")
+    assert_equal "sh -c 'curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com || wget -O - https://get.docker.com || echo \"exit 1\"' | sh", @docker.install.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "installed?" do

test/commands/prune_test.rb

@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@ class CommandsPruneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "app containers" do
     assert_equal \
       "docker ps -q -a --filter label=service=app --filter status=created --filter status=exited --filter status=dead | tail -n +6 | while read container_id; do docker rm $container_id; done",
-      new_command.app_containers.join(" ")
+      new_command.app_containers(retain: 5).join(" ")
+
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker ps -q -a --filter label=service=app --filter status=created --filter status=exited --filter status=dead | tail -n +4 | while read container_id; do docker rm $container_id; done",
+      new_command.app_containers(retain: 3).join(" ")
   end
 
   test "healthcheck containers" do

test/commands/registry_test.rb

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class CommandsRegistryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "registry login" do
     assert_equal \
-      "docker login hub.docker.com -u dhh -p secret",
+      "docker login hub.docker.com -u \"dhh\" -p \"secret\"",
       @registry.login.join(" ")
   end
 
@@ -24,7 +24,18 @@ class CommandsRegistryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @config[:registry]["password"] = [ "KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD" ]
 
     assert_equal \
-      "docker login hub.docker.com -u dhh -p more-secret",
+      "docker login hub.docker.com -u \"dhh\" -p \"more-secret\"",
+      @registry.login.join(" ")
+  ensure
+    ENV.delete("KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD")
+  end
+
+  test "registry login escape password" do
+    ENV["KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD"] = "more-secret'\""
+    @config[:registry]["password"] = [ "KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD" ]
+
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker login hub.docker.com -u \"dhh\" -p \"more-secret'\\\"\"",
       @registry.login.join(" ")
   ensure
     ENV.delete("KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD")
@@ -35,7 +46,7 @@ class CommandsRegistryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @config[:registry]["username"] = [ "KAMAL_REGISTRY_USERNAME" ]
 
     assert_equal \
-      "docker login hub.docker.com -u also-secret -p secret",
+      "docker login hub.docker.com -u \"also-secret\" -p \"secret\"",
       @registry.login.join(" ")
   ensure
     ENV.delete("KAMAL_REGISTRY_USERNAME")

test/commands/traefik_test.rb

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class CommandsTraefikTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       "docker run --name traefik --detach --restart unless-stopped --publish 80:80 --volume /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --env-file .kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.entryPoints=\"http\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.rule=\"PathPrefix(\\`/\\`)\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.service=\"unavailable\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.priority=\"1\" --label traefik.http.services.unavailable.loadbalancer.server.port=\"0\" #{@image} --providers.docker --log.level=\"DEBUG\" --accesslog.format=\"json\" --api.insecure --metrics.prometheus.buckets=\"0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0\"",
       new_command.run.join(" ")
 
-    @config[:traefik]["options"] = {"publish" => %w[9000:9000 9001:9001]}
+    @config[:traefik]["options"] = { "publish" => %w[9000:9000 9001:9001] }
     assert_equal \
       "docker run --name traefik --detach --restart unless-stopped --publish 80:80 --volume /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --env-file .kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.entryPoints=\"http\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.rule=\"PathPrefix(\\`/\\`)\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.service=\"unavailable\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.priority=\"1\" --label traefik.http.services.unavailable.loadbalancer.server.port=\"0\" --publish \"9000:9000\" --publish \"9001:9001\" #{@image} --providers.docker --log.level=\"DEBUG\" --accesslog.format=\"json\" --api.insecure --metrics.prometheus.buckets=\"0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0\"",
       new_command.run.join(" ")
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class CommandsTraefikTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       "docker run --name traefik --detach --restart unless-stopped --publish 80:80 --volume /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --env-file .kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.entryPoints=\"http\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.rule=\"PathPrefix(\\`/\\`)\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.service=\"unavailable\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.priority=\"1\" --label traefik.http.services.unavailable.loadbalancer.server.port=\"0\" #{@image} --providers.docker --log.level=\"DEBUG\" --accesslog.format=\"json\" --api.insecure --metrics.prometheus.buckets=\"0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0\"",
       new_command.run.join(" ")
 
-    @config[:traefik]["options"] = {"volume" => %w[./letsencrypt/acme.json:/letsencrypt/acme.json] }
+    @config[:traefik]["options"] = { "volume" => %w[./letsencrypt/acme.json:/letsencrypt/acme.json] }
     assert_equal \
       "docker run --name traefik --detach --restart unless-stopped --publish 80:80 --volume /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --env-file .kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.entryPoints=\"http\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.rule=\"PathPrefix(\\`/\\`)\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.service=\"unavailable\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.priority=\"1\" --label traefik.http.services.unavailable.loadbalancer.server.port=\"0\" --volume \"./letsencrypt/acme.json:/letsencrypt/acme.json\" #{@image} --providers.docker --log.level=\"DEBUG\" --accesslog.format=\"json\" --api.insecure --metrics.prometheus.buckets=\"0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0\"",
       new_command.run.join(" ")
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class CommandsTraefikTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       "docker run --name traefik --detach --restart unless-stopped --publish 80:80 --volume /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --env-file .kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.entryPoints=\"http\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.rule=\"PathPrefix(\\`/\\`)\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.service=\"unavailable\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.priority=\"1\" --label traefik.http.services.unavailable.loadbalancer.server.port=\"0\" #{@image} --providers.docker --log.level=\"DEBUG\" --accesslog.format=\"json\" --api.insecure --metrics.prometheus.buckets=\"0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0\"",
       new_command.run.join(" ")
 
-    @config[:traefik]["options"] = {"volume" => %w[./letsencrypt/acme.json:/letsencrypt/acme.json], "publish" => %w[8080:8080], "memory" => "512m"}
+    @config[:traefik]["options"] = { "volume" => %w[./letsencrypt/acme.json:/letsencrypt/acme.json], "publish" => %w[8080:8080], "memory" => "512m" }
     assert_equal \
       "docker run --name traefik --detach --restart unless-stopped --publish 80:80 --volume /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --env-file .kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env --log-opt max-size=\"10m\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.entryPoints=\"http\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.rule=\"PathPrefix(\\`/\\`)\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.service=\"unavailable\" --label traefik.http.routers.catchall.priority=\"1\" --label traefik.http.services.unavailable.loadbalancer.server.port=\"0\" --volume \"./letsencrypt/acme.json:/letsencrypt/acme.json\" --publish \"8080:8080\" --memory \"512m\" #{@image} --providers.docker --log.level=\"DEBUG\" --accesslog.format=\"json\" --api.insecure --metrics.prometheus.buckets=\"0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0\"",
       new_command.run.join(" ")
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class CommandsTraefikTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "traefik logs since 2h" do
     assert_equal \
       "docker logs traefik  --since 2h --timestamps 2>&1",
-      new_command.logs(since: '2h').join(" ")
+      new_command.logs(since: "2h").join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik logs last 10 lines" do
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class CommandsTraefikTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "traefik logs with grep hello!" do
     assert_equal \
       "docker logs traefik --timestamps 2>&1 | grep 'hello!'",
-      new_command.logs(grep: 'hello!').join(" ")
+      new_command.logs(grep: "hello!").join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik remove container" do
@@ -174,17 +174,13 @@ class CommandsTraefikTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "traefik follow logs with grep hello!" do
     assert_equal \
       "ssh -t root@1.1.1.1 -p 22 'docker logs traefik --timestamps --tail 10 --follow 2>&1 | grep \"hello!\"'",
-      new_command.follow_logs(host: @config[:servers].first, grep: 'hello!')
+      new_command.follow_logs(host: @config[:servers].first, grep: "hello!")
   end
 
-  test "env_file" do
+  test "secrets io" do
     @config[:traefik]["env"] = { "secret" => %w[EXAMPLE_API_KEY] }
 
-    assert_equal "EXAMPLE_API_KEY=456\n", new_command.env_file.to_s
-  end
-
-  test "host_env_file_path" do
-    assert_equal ".kamal/env/traefik/traefik.env", new_command.host_env_file_path
+    assert_equal "EXAMPLE_API_KEY=456\n", new_command.env.secrets_io.string
   end
 
   test "make_env_directory" do

test/configuration/accessory_test.rb

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ConfigurationAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
             },
             "secret" => [
               "MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD"
-            ],
+            ]
           },
           "files" => [
             "config/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf",
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ class ConfigurationAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
           }
         },
         "monitoring" => {
+          "service" => "custom-monitoring",
           "image" => "monitoring:latest",
           "roles" => [ "web" ],
           "port" => "4321:4321",
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ class ConfigurationAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "service name" do
     assert_equal "app-mysql", @config.accessory(:mysql).service_name
     assert_equal "app-redis", @config.accessory(:redis).service_name
+    assert_equal "custom-monitoring", @config.accessory(:monitoring).service_name
   end
 
   test "port" do
@@ -80,9 +82,9 @@ class ConfigurationAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "host" do
-    assert_equal ["1.1.1.5"], @config.accessory(:mysql).hosts
-    assert_equal ["1.1.1.6", "1.1.1.7"], @config.accessory(:redis).hosts
-    assert_equal ["1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2"], @config.accessory(:monitoring).hosts
+    assert_equal [ "1.1.1.5" ], @config.accessory(:mysql).hosts
+    assert_equal [ "1.1.1.6", "1.1.1.7" ], @config.accessory(:redis).hosts
+    assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2" ], @config.accessory(:monitoring).hosts
   end
 
   test "missing host" do
@@ -106,39 +108,35 @@ class ConfigurationAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "label args" do
-    assert_equal ["--label", "service=\"app-mysql\""], @config.accessory(:mysql).label_args
-    assert_equal ["--label", "service=\"app-redis\"", "--label", "cache=\"true\""], @config.accessory(:redis).label_args
+    assert_equal [ "--label", "service=\"app-mysql\"" ], @config.accessory(:mysql).label_args
+    assert_equal [ "--label", "service=\"app-redis\"", "--label", "cache=\"true\"" ], @config.accessory(:redis).label_args
   end
 
   test "env args" do
-    assert_equal ["--env-file", ".kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env"], @config.accessory(:mysql).env_args
-    assert_equal ["--env-file", ".kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env"], @config.accessory(:redis).env_args
+    assert_equal [ "--env-file", ".kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env", "--env", "MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\"" ], @config.accessory(:mysql).env_args
+    assert_equal [ "--env-file", ".kamal/env/accessories/app-redis.env", "--env", "SOMETHING=\"else\"" ], @config.accessory(:redis).env_args
   end
 
-  test "env file with secret" do
+  test "env with secrets" do
     ENV["MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD"] = "secret123"
 
-    expected = <<~ENV
+    expected_secrets_file = <<~ENV
       MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret123
-      MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=%
     ENV
 
-    assert_equal expected, @config.accessory(:mysql).env_file.to_s
+    assert_equal expected_secrets_file, @config.accessory(:mysql).env.secrets_io.string
+    assert_equal [ "--env-file", ".kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env", "--env", "MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=\"%\"" ], @config.accessory(:mysql).env_args
   ensure
     ENV["MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD"] = nil
   end
 
-  test "host_env_directory" do
-    assert_equal ".kamal/env/accessories", @config.accessory(:mysql).host_env_directory
-  end
-
-  test "host_env_file_path" do
-    assert_equal ".kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env", @config.accessory(:mysql).host_env_file_path
+  test "env secrets path" do
+    assert_equal ".kamal/env/accessories/app-mysql.env", @config.accessory(:mysql).env.secrets_file
   end
 
   test "volume args" do
-    assert_equal ["--volume", "$PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf", "--volume", "$PWD/app-mysql/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/structure.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/structure.sql", "--volume", "$PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql"], @config.accessory(:mysql).volume_args
-    assert_equal ["--volume", "/var/lib/redis:/data"], @config.accessory(:redis).volume_args
+    assert_equal [ "--volume", "$PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf", "--volume", "$PWD/app-mysql/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/structure.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/structure.sql", "--volume", "$PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql" ], @config.accessory(:mysql).volume_args
+    assert_equal [ "--volume", "/var/lib/redis:/data" ], @config.accessory(:redis).volume_args
   end
 
   test "dynamic file expansion" do
@@ -151,15 +149,15 @@ class ConfigurationAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "directory with a relative path" do
     @deploy[:accessories]["mysql"]["directories"] = [ "data:/var/lib/mysql" ]
-    assert_equal({"$PWD/app-mysql/data"=>"/var/lib/mysql"}, @config.accessory(:mysql).directories)
+    assert_equal({ "$PWD/app-mysql/data"=>"/var/lib/mysql" }, @config.accessory(:mysql).directories)
   end
 
   test "directory with an absolute path" do
     @deploy[:accessories]["mysql"]["directories"] = [ "/var/data/mysql:/var/lib/mysql" ]
-    assert_equal({"/var/data/mysql"=>"/var/lib/mysql"}, @config.accessory(:mysql).directories)
+    assert_equal({ "/var/data/mysql"=>"/var/lib/mysql" }, @config.accessory(:mysql).directories)
   end
 
   test "options" do
-    assert_equal ["--cpus", "\"4\"", "--memory", "\"2GB\""], @config.accessory(:redis).option_args
+    assert_equal [ "--cpus", "\"4\"", "--memory", "\"2GB\"" ], @config.accessory(:redis).option_args
   end
 end

test/configuration/builder_test.rb

@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ class ConfigurationBuilderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "setting secrets" do
-    @deploy_with_builder_option[:builder] = { "secrets" => ["GITHUB_TOKEN"] }
+    @deploy_with_builder_option[:builder] = { "secrets" => [ "GITHUB_TOKEN" ] }
 
-    assert_equal ["GITHUB_TOKEN"], @config_with_builder_option.builder.secrets
+    assert_equal [ "GITHUB_TOKEN" ], @config_with_builder_option.builder.secrets
   end
 
   test "dockerfile" do
@@ -148,4 +148,14 @@ class ConfigurationBuilderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal "..", @config_with_builder_option.builder.context
   end
+
+  test "ssh" do
+    assert_nil @config.builder.ssh
+  end
+
+  test "setting ssh params" do
+    @deploy_with_builder_option[:builder] = { "ssh" => "default=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK" }
+
+    assert_equal "default=$SSH_AUTH_SOCK", @config_with_builder_option.builder.ssh
+  end
 end

test/configuration/env_test.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class ConfigurationEnvTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  require "test_helper"
+
+  test "simple" do
+    assert_config \
+      config: { "foo" => "bar", "baz" => "haz" },
+      clear: { "foo" => "bar", "baz" => "haz" },
+      secrets: {}
+  end
+
+  test "clear" do
+    assert_config \
+      config: { "clear" => { "foo" => "bar", "baz" => "haz" } },
+      clear: { "foo" => "bar", "baz" => "haz" },
+      secrets: {}
+  end
+
+  test "secret" do
+    ENV["PASSWORD"] = "hello"
+    env = Kamal::Configuration::Env.from_config config: { "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ] }
+
+    assert_config \
+      config: { "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ] },
+      clear: {},
+      secrets: { "PASSWORD" => "hello" }
+  ensure
+    ENV.delete "PASSWORD"
+  end
+
+  test "missing secret" do
+    env = {
+      "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ]
+    }
+
+    assert_raises(KeyError) { Kamal::Configuration::Env.from_config(config: { "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ] }).secrets }
+  end
+
+  test "secret and clear" do
+    ENV["PASSWORD"] = "hello"
+    config = {
+      "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ],
+      "clear" => {
+        "foo" => "bar",
+        "baz" => "haz"
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert_config \
+      config: config,
+      clear: { "foo" => "bar", "baz" => "haz" },
+      secrets: { "PASSWORD" => "hello" }
+  ensure
+    ENV.delete "PASSWORD"
+  end
+
+  test "stringIO conversion" do
+    env = {
+      "foo" => "bar",
+      "baz" => "haz"
+    }
+
+    assert_equal "foo=bar\nbaz=haz\n", \
+      StringIO.new(Kamal::EnvFile.new(env)).read
+  end
+
+  private
+    def assert_config(config:, clear:, secrets:)
+      env = Kamal::Configuration::Env.from_config config: config
+      assert_equal clear, env.clear
+      assert_equal secrets, env.secrets
+    end
+end

test/configuration/role_test.rb

@@ -70,14 +70,10 @@ class ConfigurationRoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "env overwritten by role" do
-    assert_equal "redis://a/b", @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env["REDIS_URL"]
+    assert_equal "redis://a/b", @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env.clear["REDIS_URL"]
 
-    expected_env = <<~ENV
-      REDIS_URL=redis://a/b
-      WEB_CONCURRENCY=4
-    ENV
-
-    assert_equal expected_env, @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_file.to_s
+    assert_equal "\n", @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env.secrets_io.string
+    assert_equal [ "--env-file", ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", "--env", "REDIS_URL=\"redis://a/b\"", "--env", "WEB_CONCURRENCY=\"4\"" ], @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_args
   end
 
   test "container name" do
@@ -90,7 +86,7 @@ class ConfigurationRoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "env args" do
-    assert_equal ["--env-file", ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env"], @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_args
+    assert_equal [ "--env-file", ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", "--env", "REDIS_URL=\"redis://a/b\"", "--env", "WEB_CONCURRENCY=\"4\"" ], @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_args
   end
 
   test "env secret overwritten by role" do
@@ -116,14 +112,13 @@ class ConfigurationRoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ENV["REDIS_PASSWORD"] = "secret456"
     ENV["DB_PASSWORD"] = "secret&\"123"
 
-    expected = <<~ENV
+    expected_secrets_file = <<~ENV
       REDIS_PASSWORD=secret456
       DB_PASSWORD=secret&\"123
-      REDIS_URL=redis://a/b
-      WEB_CONCURRENCY=4
     ENV
 
-    assert_equal expected, @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_file.to_s
+    assert_equal expected_secrets_file, @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env.secrets_io.string
+    assert_equal [ "--env-file", ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", "--env", "REDIS_URL=\"redis://a/b\"", "--env", "WEB_CONCURRENCY=\"4\"" ], @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_args
   ensure
     ENV["REDIS_PASSWORD"] = nil
     ENV["DB_PASSWORD"] = nil
@@ -142,13 +137,12 @@ class ConfigurationRoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     ENV["DB_PASSWORD"] = "secret123"
 
-    expected = <<~ENV
+    expected_secrets_file = <<~ENV
       DB_PASSWORD=secret123
-      REDIS_URL=redis://a/b
-      WEB_CONCURRENCY=4
     ENV
 
-    assert_equal expected, @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_file.to_s
+    assert_equal expected_secrets_file, @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env.secrets_io.string
+    assert_equal [ "--env-file", ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", "--env", "REDIS_URL=\"redis://a/b\"", "--env", "WEB_CONCURRENCY=\"4\"" ], @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_args
   ensure
     ENV["DB_PASSWORD"] = nil
   end
@@ -165,28 +159,51 @@ class ConfigurationRoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     ENV["REDIS_PASSWORD"] = "secret456"
 
-    expected = <<~ENV
+    expected_secrets_file = <<~ENV
       REDIS_PASSWORD=secret456
-      REDIS_URL=redis://a/b
-      WEB_CONCURRENCY=4
     ENV
 
-    assert_equal expected, @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_file.to_s
+    assert_equal expected_secrets_file, @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env.secrets_io.string
+    assert_equal [ "--env-file", ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", "--env", "REDIS_URL=\"redis://a/b\"", "--env", "WEB_CONCURRENCY=\"4\"" ], @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_args
   ensure
     ENV["REDIS_PASSWORD"] = nil
   end
 
-  test "host_env_directory" do
-    assert_equal ".kamal/env/roles", @config_with_roles.role(:workers).host_env_directory
+  test "env overwritten by role with secrets" do
+    @deploy_with_roles[:env] = {
+      "clear" => {
+        "REDIS_URL" => "redis://a/b"
+      },
+      "secret" => [
+        "REDIS_PASSWORD"
+      ]
+    }
+
+    @deploy_with_roles[:servers]["workers"]["env"] = {
+      "clear" => {
+        "REDIS_URL" => "redis://c/d"
+      }
+    }
+
+    ENV["REDIS_PASSWORD"] = "secret456"
+
+    expected_secrets_file = <<~ENV
+      REDIS_PASSWORD=secret456
+    ENV
+
+    assert_equal expected_secrets_file, @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env.secrets_io.string
+    assert_equal [ "--env-file", ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", "--env", "REDIS_URL=\"redis://c/d\"" ], @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env_args
+  ensure
+    ENV["REDIS_PASSWORD"] = nil
   end
 
-  test "host_env_file_path" do
-    assert_equal ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", @config_with_roles.role(:workers).host_env_file_path
+  test "env secrets_file" do
+    assert_equal ".kamal/env/roles/app-workers.env", @config_with_roles.role(:workers).env.secrets_file
   end
 
   test "uses cord" do
     assert @config_with_roles.role(:web).uses_cord?
-    assert !@config_with_roles.role(:workers).uses_cord?
+    assert_not @config_with_roles.role(:workers).uses_cord?
   end
 
   test "cord host file" do
@@ -210,28 +227,28 @@ class ConfigurationRoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_nil @config_with_roles.role(:workers).asset_volume_args
     assert_nil @config_with_roles.role(:web).asset_path
     assert_nil @config_with_roles.role(:workers).asset_path
-    assert !@config_with_roles.role(:web).assets?
-    assert !@config_with_roles.role(:workers).assets?
+    assert_not @config_with_roles.role(:web).assets?
+    assert_not @config_with_roles.role(:workers).assets?
 
     config_with_assets = Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy_with_roles.dup.tap { |c|
       c[:asset_path] = "foo"
     })
     assert_equal "foo", config_with_assets.role(:web).asset_path
     assert_equal "foo", config_with_assets.role(:workers).asset_path
-    assert_equal ["--volume", "$(pwd)/.kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-12345:foo"], config_with_assets.role(:web).asset_volume_args
+    assert_equal [ "--volume", "$(pwd)/.kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-12345:foo" ], config_with_assets.role(:web).asset_volume_args
     assert_nil config_with_assets.role(:workers).asset_volume_args
     assert config_with_assets.role(:web).assets?
-    assert !config_with_assets.role(:workers).assets?
+    assert_not config_with_assets.role(:workers).assets?
 
     config_with_assets = Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy_with_roles.dup.tap { |c|
       c[:servers]["web"] = { "hosts" => [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2" ], "asset_path" => "bar" }
     })
     assert_equal "bar", config_with_assets.role(:web).asset_path
     assert_nil config_with_assets.role(:workers).asset_path
-    assert_equal ["--volume", "$(pwd)/.kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-12345:bar"], config_with_assets.role(:web).asset_volume_args
+    assert_equal [ "--volume", "$(pwd)/.kamal/assets/volumes/app-web-12345:bar" ], config_with_assets.role(:web).asset_volume_args
     assert_nil config_with_assets.role(:workers).asset_volume_args
     assert config_with_assets.role(:web).assets?
-    assert !config_with_assets.role(:workers).assets?
+    assert_not config_with_assets.role(:workers).assets?
 
   ensure
     ENV.delete("VERSION")

test/configuration/ssh_test.rb

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class ConfigurationSshTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       registry: { "username" => "dhh", "password" => "secret" },
       env: { "REDIS_URL" => "redis://x/y" },
       servers: [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2" ],
-      volumes: ["/local/path:/container/path"]
+      volumes: [ "/local/path:/container/path" ]
     }
 
     @config = Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy)

test/configuration/sshkit_test.rb

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class ConfigurationSshkitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       registry: { "username" => "dhh", "password" => "secret" },
       env: { "REDIS_URL" => "redis://x/y" },
       servers: [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2" ],
-      volumes: ["/local/path:/container/path"]
+      volumes: [ "/local/path:/container/path" ]
     }
 
     @config = Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy)

test/configuration/volume_test.rb

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ require "test_helper"
 class ConfigurationVolumeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "docker args absolute" do
     volume = Kamal::Configuration::Volume.new(host_path: "/root/foo/bar", container_path: "/assets")
-    assert_equal ["--volume", "/root/foo/bar:/assets"], volume.docker_args
+    assert_equal [ "--volume", "/root/foo/bar:/assets" ], volume.docker_args
   end
 
   test "docker args relative" do
     volume = Kamal::Configuration::Volume.new(host_path: "foo/bar", container_path: "/assets")
-    assert_equal ["--volume", "$(pwd)/foo/bar:/assets"], volume.docker_args
+    assert_equal [ "--volume", "$(pwd)/foo/bar:/assets" ], volume.docker_args
   end
 end

test/configuration_test.rb

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class ConfigurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       registry: { "username" => "dhh", "password" => "secret" },
       env: { "REDIS_URL" => "redis://x/y" },
       servers: [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2" ],
-      volumes: ["/local/path:/container/path"]
+      volumes: [ "/local/path:/container/path" ]
     }
 
     @config = Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy)
@@ -42,6 +42,16 @@ class ConfigurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "service name valid" do
+    assert Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy.tap { _1[:service] = "hey-app1_primary" }).valid?
+  end
+
+  test "service name invalid" do
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Kamal::Configuration.new @deploy.tap { _1[:service] = "app.com" }
+    end
+  end
+
   test "roles" do
     assert_equal %w[ web ], @config.roles.collect(&:name)
     assert_equal %w[ web workers ], @config_with_roles.roles.collect(&:name)
@@ -54,7 +64,7 @@ class ConfigurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "all hosts" do
-    assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2"], @config.all_hosts
+    assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2" ], @config.all_hosts
     assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3" ], @config_with_roles.all_hosts
   end
 
@@ -76,7 +86,7 @@ class ConfigurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ENV.delete("VERSION")
 
     Kamal::Git.expects(:used?).returns(nil)
-    error = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { @config.version}
+    error = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { @config.version }
     assert_match /no git repository found/, error.message
   end
 
@@ -120,6 +130,16 @@ class ConfigurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "ghcr.io/dhh/app:missing", config.absolute_image
   end
 
+  test "latest image" do
+    assert_equal "dhh/app:latest", @config.latest_image
+  end
+
+  test "latest image with destination" do
+    dest_config_file = Pathname.new(File.expand_path("fixtures/deploy_for_dest.yml", __dir__))
+    config = Kamal::Configuration.create_from config_file: dest_config_file, destination: "world"
+    assert_equal "registry.digitalocean.com/dhh/app:latest-world", config.latest_image
+  end
+
   test "service with version" do
     assert_equal "app-missing", @config.service_with_version
   end
@@ -176,21 +196,21 @@ class ConfigurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "volume_args" do
-    assert_equal ["--volume", "/local/path:/container/path"], @config.volume_args
+    assert_equal [ "--volume", "/local/path:/container/path" ], @config.volume_args
   end
 
   test "logging args default" do
-    assert_equal ["--log-opt", "max-size=\"10m\""], @config.logging_args
+    assert_equal [ "--log-opt", "max-size=\"10m\"" ], @config.logging_args
   end
 
   test "logging args with configured options" do
     config = Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy.tap { |c| c.merge!(logging: { "options" => { "max-size" => "100m", "max-file" => 5 } }) })
-    assert_equal ["--log-opt", "max-size=\"100m\"", "--log-opt", "max-file=\"5\""], @config.logging_args
+    assert_equal [ "--log-opt", "max-size=\"100m\"", "--log-opt", "max-file=\"5\"" ], @config.logging_args
   end
 
   test "logging args with configured driver and options" do
     config = Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy.tap { |c| c.merge!(logging: { "driver" => "local", "options" => { "max-size" => "100m", "max-file" => 5 } }) })
-    assert_equal ["--log-driver", "\"local\"", "--log-opt", "max-size=\"100m\"", "--log-opt", "max-file=\"5\""], @config.logging_args
+    assert_equal [ "--log-driver", "\"local\"", "--log-opt", "max-size=\"100m\"", "--log-opt", "max-file=\"5\"" ], @config.logging_args
   end
 
   test "erb evaluation of yml config" do
@@ -230,19 +250,19 @@ class ConfigurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "to_h" do
     expected_config = \
-      { :roles=>["web"],
-        :hosts=>["1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2"],
-        :primary_host=>"1.1.1.1",
-        :version=>"missing",
-        :repository=>"dhh/app",
-        :absolute_image=>"dhh/app:missing",
-        :service_with_version=>"app-missing",
-        :ssh_options=>{ :user=>"root", port: 22, log_level: :fatal, keepalive: true, keepalive_interval: 30 },
-        :sshkit=>{},
-        :volume_args=>["--volume", "/local/path:/container/path"],
-        :builder=>{},
-        :logging=>["--log-opt", "max-size=\"10m\""],
-        :healthcheck=>{ "path"=>"/up", "port"=>3000, "max_attempts" => 7, "exposed_port" => 3999, "cord" => "/tmp/kamal-cord", "log_lines" => 50 }}
+      { roles: [ "web" ],
+        hosts: [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2" ],
+        primary_host: "1.1.1.1",
+        version: "missing",
+        repository: "dhh/app",
+        absolute_image: "dhh/app:missing",
+        service_with_version: "app-missing",
+        ssh_options: { user: "root", port: 22, log_level: :fatal, keepalive: true, keepalive_interval: 30 },
+        sshkit: {},
+        volume_args: [ "--volume", "/local/path:/container/path" ],
+        builder: {},
+        logging: [ "--log-opt", "max-size=\"10m\"" ],
+        healthcheck: { "path"=>"/up", "port"=>3000, "max_attempts" => 7, "exposed_port" => 3999, "cord" => "/tmp/kamal-cord", "log_lines" => 50 } }
 
     assert_equal expected_config, @config.to_h
   end
@@ -290,16 +310,16 @@ class ConfigurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "primary role" do
-    assert_equal "web", @config.primary_role
+    assert_equal "web", @config.primary_role.name
 
     config = Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy_with_roles.deep_merge({
       servers: { "alternate_web" => { "hosts" => [ "1.1.1.4", "1.1.1.5" ] } },
-      primary_role: "alternate_web" } ))
+      primary_role: "alternate_web" }))
 
 
-    assert_equal "alternate_web", config.primary_role
+    assert_equal "alternate_web", config.primary_role.name
     assert_equal "1.1.1.4", config.primary_host
-    assert config.role(:alternate_web).primary? 
+    assert config.role(:alternate_web).primary?
     assert config.role(:alternate_web).running_traefik?
   end
 
@@ -309,4 +329,12 @@ class ConfigurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
     assert_match /bar isn't defined/, error.message
   end
+
+  test "retain_containers" do
+    assert_equal 5, @config.retain_containers
+    config = Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy_with_roles.merge(retain_containers: 2))
+    assert_equal 2, config.retain_containers
+
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Kamal::Configuration.new(@deploy_with_roles.merge(retain_containers: 0)) }
+  end
 end

test/env_file_test.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require "test_helper"
 
 class EnvFileTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "env file simple" do
+  test "to_s" do
     env = {
       "foo" => "bar",
       "baz" => "haz"
@@ -11,80 +11,27 @@ class EnvFileTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       Kamal::EnvFile.new(env).to_s
   end
 
-  test "env file clear" do
-    env = {
-      "clear" => {
-        "foo" => "bar",
-        "baz" => "haz"
-      }
-    }
-
-    assert_equal "foo=bar\nbaz=haz\n", \
-      Kamal::EnvFile.new(env).to_s
-  end
-
-  test "env file empty" do
+  test "to_s empty" do
     assert_equal "\n", Kamal::EnvFile.new({}).to_s
   end
 
-  test "env file secret" do
-    ENV["PASSWORD"] = "hello"
+  test "to_s escaped newline" do
     env = {
-      "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ]
+      "foo" => "hello\\nthere"
     }
 
-    assert_equal "PASSWORD=hello\n", \
+    assert_equal "foo=hello\\\\nthere\n", \
       Kamal::EnvFile.new(env).to_s
   ensure
     ENV.delete "PASSWORD"
   end
 
-  test "env file secret escaped newline" do
-    ENV["PASSWORD"] = "hello\\nthere"
+  test "to_s newline" do
     env = {
-      "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ]
+      "foo" => "hello\nthere"
     }
 
-    assert_equal "PASSWORD=hello\\\\nthere\n", \
-      Kamal::EnvFile.new(env).to_s
-  ensure
-    ENV.delete "PASSWORD"
-  end
-
-  test "env file secret newline" do
-    ENV["PASSWORD"] = "hello\nthere"
-    env = {
-      "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ]
-    }
-
-    assert_equal "PASSWORD=hello\\nthere\n", \
-      Kamal::EnvFile.new(env).to_s
-  ensure
-    ENV.delete "PASSWORD"
-  end
-
-  test "env file missing secret" do
-    env = {
-      "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ]
-    }
-
-    assert_raises(KeyError) { Kamal::EnvFile.new(env).to_s }
-
-  ensure
-    ENV.delete "PASSWORD"
-  end
-
-  test "env file secret and clear" do
-    ENV["PASSWORD"] = "hello"
-    env = {
-      "secret" => [ "PASSWORD" ],
-      "clear" => {
-        "foo" => "bar",
-        "baz" => "haz"
-      }
-    }
-
-    assert_equal "PASSWORD=hello\nfoo=bar\nbaz=haz\n", \
+    assert_equal "foo=hello\\nthere\n", \
       Kamal::EnvFile.new(env).to_s
   ensure
     ENV.delete "PASSWORD"

test/fixtures/deploy_with_low_percentage_boot_strategy.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+service: app
+image: dhh/app
+servers:
+  web:
+    - "1.1.1.1"
+    - "1.1.1.2"
+  workers:
+    - "1.1.1.3"
+    - "1.1.1.4"
+
+registry:
+  username: user
+  password: pw
+
+boot:
+  limit: 1%
+  wait: 2

test/fixtures/deploy_with_percentage_boot_strategy.yml

@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ registry:
   password: pw
 
 boot:
-  limit: 25%
+  limit: 1%
   wait: 2

test/integration/accessory_test.rb

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class AccessoryTest < IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def assert_accessory_not_running(name)
-      refute_match /registry:4443\/busybox:1.36.0   "sh -c 'echo \\"Start/, accessory_details(name)
+      assert_no_match /registry:4443\/busybox:1.36.0   "sh -c 'echo \\"Start/, accessory_details(name)
     end
 
     def accessory_details(name)

test/integration/docker-compose.yml

@@ -50,8 +50,19 @@ services:
     volumes:
       - shared:/shared
 
+  vm3:
+    privileged: true
+    build:
+      context: docker/vm
+    volumes:
+      - shared:/shared
+
   load_balancer:
     build:
       context: docker/load_balancer
     ports:
       - "12345:80"
+    depends_on:
+      - vm1
+      - vm2
+      - vm3

test/integration/docker/deployer/Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 FROM ruby:3.2
 
-WORKDIR /app
+WORKDIR /
 
 ENV VERBOSE=true
 
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ RUN echo \
 RUN apt-get update --fix-missing && apt-get install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin
 
 COPY *.sh .
-COPY app/ .
+COPY app/ app/
+COPY app_with_roles/ app_with_roles/
 
 RUN rm -rf /root/.ssh
 RUN ln -s /shared/ssh /root/.ssh
@@ -25,7 +26,8 @@ RUN mkdir -p /etc/docker/certs.d/registry:4443 && ln -s /shared/certs/domain.crt
 
 RUN git config --global user.email "deployer@example.com"
 RUN git config --global user.name "Deployer"
-RUN git init && echo ".env" >> .gitignore && git add . && git commit -am "Initial version"
+RUN cd app && git init && echo ".env" >> .gitignore && git add . && git commit -am "Initial version"
+RUN cd app_with_roles && git init && echo ".env" >> .gitignore && git add . && git commit -am "Initial version"
 
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=1s CMD pgrep sleep
 

test/integration/docker/deployer/app/.kamal/hooks/docker-setup

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+echo "Docker set up!"
+mkdir -p /tmp/${TEST_ID} && touch /tmp/${TEST_ID}/docker-setup

test/integration/docker/deployer/app/config/deploy.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ servers:
   - vm2
 env:
   clear:
-    CLEAR_TOKEN: '4321'
+    CLEAR_TOKEN: 4321
+    HOST_TOKEN: "${HOST_TOKEN}"
   secret:
     - SECRET_TOKEN
 asset_path: /usr/share/nginx/html/versions
@@ -24,9 +25,10 @@ traefik:
   args:
     accesslog: true
     accesslog.format: json
-  image: registry:4443/traefik:v2.9
+  image: registry:4443/traefik:v2.10
 accessories:
   busybox:
+    service: custom-busybox
     image: registry:4443/busybox:1.36.0
     cmd: sh -c 'echo "Starting busybox..."; trap exit term; while true; do sleep 1; done'
     roles:

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/.env.erb

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+SECRET_TOKEN=1234

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/.kamal/hooks/docker-setup

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+echo "Docker set up!"
+mkdir -p /tmp/${TEST_ID} && touch /tmp/${TEST_ID}/docker-setup

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/.kamal/hooks/post-deploy

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+echo "Deployed!"
+mkdir -p /tmp/${TEST_ID} && touch /tmp/${TEST_ID}/post-deploy

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/.kamal/hooks/post-traefik-reboot

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+echo "Rebooted Traefik on ${KAMAL_HOSTS}"
+mkdir -p /tmp/${TEST_ID} && touch /tmp/${TEST_ID}/post-traefik-reboot

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/.kamal/hooks/pre-build

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+echo "About to build and push..."
+mkdir -p /tmp/${TEST_ID} && touch /tmp/${TEST_ID}/pre-build

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/.kamal/hooks/pre-connect

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+echo "About to lock..."
+if [ "$KAMAL_HOSTS" != "vm1,vm2,vm3" ]; then
+  echo "Expected hosts to be 'vm1,vm2,vm3', got $KAMAL_HOSTS"
+  exit 1
+fi
+mkdir -p /tmp/${TEST_ID} && touch /tmp/${TEST_ID}/pre-connect

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/.kamal/hooks/pre-deploy

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+echo "Deployed!"
+mkdir -p /tmp/${TEST_ID} && touch /tmp/${TEST_ID}/pre-deploy

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/.kamal/hooks/pre-traefik-reboot

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+echo "Rebooting Traefik on ${KAMAL_HOSTS}..."
+mkdir -p /tmp/${TEST_ID} && touch /tmp/${TEST_ID}/pre-traefik-reboot

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+FROM registry:4443/nginx:1-alpine-slim
+
+COPY default.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
+
+ARG COMMIT_SHA
+RUN echo $COMMIT_SHA > /usr/share/nginx/html/version
+RUN mkdir -p /usr/share/nginx/html/versions && echo "version" > /usr/share/nginx/html/versions/$COMMIT_SHA
+RUN mkdir -p /usr/share/nginx/html/versions && echo "hidden" > /usr/share/nginx/html/versions/.hidden
+

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/config/deploy.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+service: app
+image: app
+servers:
+  web:
+    hosts:
+      - vm1
+      - vm2
+  workers:
+    hosts:
+      - vm3
+    cmd: sleep infinity
+
+asset_path: /usr/share/nginx/html/versions
+
+registry:
+  server: registry:4443
+  username: root
+  password: root
+builder:
+  multiarch: false
+  args:
+    COMMIT_SHA: <%= `git rev-parse HEAD` %>
+healthcheck:
+  cmd: wget -qO- http://localhost > /dev/null || exit 1
+traefik:
+  args:
+    accesslog: true
+    accesslog.format: json
+  image: registry:4443/traefik:v2.10
+accessories:
+  busybox:
+    service: custom-busybox
+    image: registry:4443/busybox:1.36.0
+    cmd: sh -c 'echo "Starting busybox..."; trap exit term; while true; do sleep 1; done'
+    roles:
+      - web
+stop_wait_time: 1

test/integration/docker/deployer/app_with_roles/default.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+server {
+    listen       80;
+    listen  [::]:80;
+    server_name  localhost;
+
+    location / {
+        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
+        index  index.html index.htm;
+    }
+
+    # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
+    #
+    error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
+    location = /50x.html {
+        root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
+    }
+}

test/integration/docker/deployer/setup.sh

@@ -19,5 +19,9 @@ push_image_to_registry_4443() {
 
 install_kamal
 push_image_to_registry_4443 nginx 1-alpine-slim
-push_image_to_registry_4443 traefik v2.9
+push_image_to_registry_4443 traefik v2.10
 push_image_to_registry_4443 busybox 1.36.0
+
+# .ssh is on a shared volume that persists between runs. Clean it up as the
+# churn of temporary vm IPs can eventually create conflicts.
+rm -f /root/.ssh/known_hosts

test/integration/docker/deployer/update_app_rev.sh

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-git commit -am 'Update rev' --amend
+cd $1 && git commit -am 'Update rev' --amend

test/integration/docker/vm/Dockerfile

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ RUN apt-get update --fix-missing && apt-get -y install openssh-client openssh-se
 RUN mkdir /root/.ssh && ln -s /shared/ssh/id_rsa.pub /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
 RUN mkdir -p /etc/docker/certs.d/registry:4443 && ln -s /shared/certs/domain.crt /etc/docker/certs.d/registry:4443/ca.crt
 
+RUN echo "HOST_TOKEN=abcd" >> /etc/environment
+
 COPY boot.sh .
 
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=1s CMD pgrep dockerd

test/integration/integration_test.rb

@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     docker_compose "up --build -d"
     wait_for_healthy
     setup_deployer
+    @app = "app"
   end
 
   teardown do
     unless passed?
-      [:deployer, :vm1, :vm2, :shared, :load_balancer, :registry].each do |container|
+      [ :deployer, :vm1, :vm2, :shared, :load_balancer, :registry ].each do |container|
         puts
         puts "Logs for #{container}:"
         docker_compose :logs, container
@@ -34,8 +35,9 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       result
     end
 
-    def deployer_exec(*commands, **options)
-      docker_compose("exec deployer #{commands.join(" ")}", **options)
+    def deployer_exec(*commands, workdir: nil, **options)
+      workdir ||= "/#{@app}"
+      docker_compose("exec --workdir #{workdir} deployer #{commands.join(" ")}", **options)
     end
 
     def kamal(*commands, **options)
@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 
     def update_app_rev
-      deployer_exec "./update_app_rev.sh"
+      deployer_exec "./update_app_rev.sh #{@app}", workdir: "/"
       latest_app_version
     end
 
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal "200", code
     end
 
-    def wait_for_healthy(timeout: 20)
+    def wait_for_healthy(timeout: 30)
       timeout_at = Time.now + timeout
       while docker_compose("ps -a | tail -n +2 | grep -v '(healthy)' | wc -l", capture: true) != "0"
         if timeout_at < Time.now
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 
     def setup_deployer
-      deployer_exec("./setup.sh") unless $DEPLOYER_SETUP
+      deployer_exec("./setup.sh", workdir: "/") unless $DEPLOYER_SETUP
       $DEPLOYER_SETUP = true
     end
 

test/integration/lock_test.rb

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class LockTest < IntegrationTest
     assert_match /Locked by: Deployer at .*\nVersion: #{latest_app_version}\nMessage: Integration Tests/m, status
 
     error = kamal :deploy, capture: true, raise_on_error: false
-    assert_match /Deploy lock found/m, error
+    assert_match /Deploy lock found. Run 'kamal lock help' for more information/m, error
 
     kamal :lock, :release
 

test/integration/main_test.rb

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ class MainTest < IntegrationTest
   test "envify, deploy, redeploy, rollback, details and audit" do
     kamal :envify
     assert_local_env_file "SECRET_TOKEN=1234"
-    assert_remote_env_file "SECRET_TOKEN=1234\nCLEAR_TOKEN=4321"
+    assert_remote_env_file "SECRET_TOKEN=1234"
     remove_local_env_file
 
     first_version = latest_app_version
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ class MainTest < IntegrationTest
     kamal :deploy
     assert_app_is_up version: first_version
     assert_hooks_ran "pre-connect", "pre-build", "pre-deploy", "post-deploy"
+    assert_env :CLEAR_TOKEN, "4321", version: first_version
+    assert_env :HOST_TOKEN, "abcd", version: first_version
+    assert_env :SECRET_TOKEN, "1234", version: first_version
 
     second_version = update_app_rev
 
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ class MainTest < IntegrationTest
     assert_match /Traefik Host: vm2/, details
     assert_match /App Host: vm1/, details
     assert_match /App Host: vm2/, details
-    assert_match /traefik:v2.9/, details
+    assert_match /traefik:v2.10/, details
     assert_match /registry:4443\/app:#{first_version}/, details
 
     audit = kamal :audit, capture: true
@@ -42,6 +45,22 @@ class MainTest < IntegrationTest
     assert_no_remote_env_file
   end
 
+  test "app with roles" do
+    @app = "app_with_roles"
+
+    kamal :envify
+
+    version = latest_app_version
+
+    assert_app_is_down
+
+    kamal :deploy
+
+    assert_app_is_up version: version
+    assert_hooks_ran "pre-connect", "pre-build", "pre-deploy", "post-deploy"
+    assert_container_running host: :vm3, name: "app-workers-#{version}"
+  end
+
   test "config" do
     config = YAML.load(kamal(:config, capture: true))
     version = latest_app_version
@@ -60,11 +79,28 @@ class MainTest < IntegrationTest
     assert_equal({ "path" => "/up", "port" => 3000, "max_attempts" => 7, "exposed_port" => 3999, "cord"=>"/tmp/kamal-cord", "log_lines" => 50, "cmd"=>"wget -qO- http://localhost > /dev/null || exit 1" }, config[:healthcheck])
   end
 
+  test "setup and remove" do
+    # Check remove completes when nothing has been setup yet
+    kamal :remove, "-y"
+    assert_no_images_or_containers
+
+    kamal :envify
+    kamal :setup
+    assert_images_and_containers
+
+    kamal :remove, "-y"
+    assert_no_images_or_containers
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_local_env_file(contents)
       assert_equal contents, deployer_exec("cat .env", capture: true)
     end
 
+    def assert_env(key, value, version:)
+      assert_equal "#{key}=#{value}", docker_compose("exec vm1 docker exec app-web-#{version} env | grep #{key}", capture: true)
+    end
+
     def remove_local_env_file
       deployer_exec("rm .env")
     end
@@ -84,4 +120,26 @@ class MainTest < IntegrationTest
 
       assert_equal "200", Net::HTTP.get_response(URI.parse("http://localhost:12345/versions/.hidden")).code
     end
+
+    def vm1_image_ids
+      docker_compose("exec vm1 docker image ls -q", capture: true).strip.split("\n")
+    end
+
+    def vm1_container_ids
+      docker_compose("exec vm1 docker ps -a -q", capture: true).strip.split("\n")
+    end
+
+    def assert_no_images_or_containers
+      assert vm1_image_ids.empty?
+      assert vm1_container_ids.empty?
+    end
+
+    def assert_images_and_containers
+      assert vm1_image_ids.any?
+      assert vm1_container_ids.any?
+    end
+
+    def assert_container_running(host:, name:)
+      assert docker_compose("exec #{host} docker ps --filter=name=#{name} -q", capture: true).strip.present?
+    end
 end

test/integration/traefik_test.rb

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ class TraefikTest < IntegrationTest
     kamal :traefik, :boot
     assert_traefik_running
 
-    output = kamal :traefik, :reboot, capture: true
+    output = kamal :traefik, :reboot, "-y", capture: true
     assert_traefik_running
     assert_hooks_ran "pre-traefik-reboot", "post-traefik-reboot"
     assert_match /Rebooting Traefik on vm1,vm2.../, output
     assert_match /Rebooted Traefik on vm1,vm2/, output
 
-    output = kamal :traefik, :reboot, :"--rolling", capture: true
+    output = kamal :traefik, :reboot, :"--rolling", "-y", capture: true
     assert_traefik_running
     assert_hooks_ran "pre-traefik-reboot", "post-traefik-reboot"
     assert_match /Rebooting Traefik on vm1.../, output
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ class TraefikTest < IntegrationTest
 
   private
     def assert_traefik_running
-      assert_match /traefik:v2.9   "\/entrypoint.sh/, traefik_details
+      assert_match /traefik:v2.10   "\/entrypoint.sh/, traefik_details
     end
 
     def assert_traefik_not_running
-      refute_match /traefik:v2.9   "\/entrypoint.sh/, traefik_details
+      assert_no_match /traefik:v2.10   "\/entrypoint.sh/, traefik_details
     end
 
     def traefik_details