feat(db-postgres): add vector raw column type (#10422)

Example how you can add a vector column, enable the `vector` extension
and query your embeddings in the included test -

https://github.com/payloadcms/payload/compare/feat/more-types?expand=1#diff-7d876370487cb625eb42ff1ad7cffa78e8327367af3de2930837ed123f5e3ae6R1-R117

test/database/postgres-vector.int.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/* eslint-disable jest/require-top-level-describe */
+import { PostgresAdapter } from '@payloadcms/db-postgres/types'
+import { cosineDistance, desc, gt, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
+import path from 'path'
+import { buildConfig, getPayload } from 'payload'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'url'
+
+const filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)
+const dirname = path.dirname(filename)
+
+// skip on ci as there db does not have the vector extension
+const describeToUse =
+  process.env.PAYLOAD_DATABASE.startsWith('postgres') && process.env.CI !== 'true'
+    ? describe
+    : describe.skip
+
+describeToUse('postgres vector custom column', () => {
+  it('should add a vector column and query it', async () => {
+    const { databaseAdapter } = await import(path.resolve(dirname, '../databaseAdapter.js'))
+
+    const init = databaseAdapter.init
+
+    // set options
+    databaseAdapter.init = ({ payload }) => {
+      const adapter = init({ payload })
+
+      adapter.extensions = {
+        vector: true,
+      }
+      adapter.beforeSchemaInit = [
+        ({ schema, adapter }) => {
+          ;(adapter as PostgresAdapter).rawTables.posts.columns.embedding = {
+            type: 'vector',
+            dimensions: 5,
+            name: 'embedding',
+          }
+          return schema
+        },
+      ]
+      return adapter
+    }
+
+    const config = await buildConfig({
+      db: databaseAdapter,
+      secret: 'secret',
+      collections: [
+        {
+          slug: 'users',
+          auth: true,
+          fields: [],
+        },
+        {
+          slug: 'posts',
+          fields: [
+            {
+              type: 'json',
+              name: 'embedding',
+            },
+            {
+              name: 'title',
+              type: 'text',
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    })
+
+    const payload = await getPayload({ config })
+
+    const catEmbedding = [1.5, -0.4, 7.2, 19.6, 20.2]
+
+    await payload.create({
+      collection: 'posts',
+      data: {
+        embedding: [-5.2, 3.1, 0.2, 8.1, 3.5],
+        title: 'apple',
+      },
+    })
+
+    await payload.create({
+      collection: 'posts',
+      data: {
+        embedding: catEmbedding,
+        title: 'cat',
+      },
+    })
+
+    await payload.create({
+      collection: 'posts',
+      data: {
+        embedding: [-5.1, 2.9, 0.8, 7.9, 3.1],
+        title: 'fruit',
+      },
+    })
+
+    await payload.create({
+      collection: 'posts',
+      data: {
+        embedding: [1.7, -0.3, 6.9, 19.1, 21.1],
+        title: 'dog',
+      },
+    })
+
+    const similarity = sql<number>`1 - (${cosineDistance(payload.db.tables.posts.embedding, catEmbedding)})`
+
+    const res = await payload.db.drizzle
+      .select()
+      .from(payload.db.tables.posts)
+      .where(gt(similarity, 0.9))
+      .orderBy(desc(similarity))
+
+    // Only cat and dog
+    expect(res).toHaveLength(2)
+
+    // similarity sort
+    expect(res[0].title).toBe('cat')
+    expect(res[1].title).toBe('dog')
+
+    payload.logger.info(res)
+  })
+})