---
title: Lexical Rich Text
label: Lexical
order: 30
desc: Built by Meta, Lexical is an incredibly powerful rich text editor, and it works beautifully within Payload.
keywords: lexical, rich text, editor, headless cms
---

One of Payload's goals is to build the best rich text editor experience that we possibly can. We want to combine the beauty and polish of the Medium editing experience with the strength and features of the Notion editor - all in one place.

Classically, we've used SlateJS to work toward this goal, but building custom elements into Slate has proven to be more difficult than we'd like, and we've been keeping our options open.

<Banner type="warning">
  Payload's Lexical rich text editor is currently in beta. It's stable enough to use as you build on
  Payload, so if you're up for helping us fine-tune it, you should use it. But if you're looking for
  stability, use Slate instead.
</Banner>

Lexical is extremely impressive and trivializes a lot of the hard parts of building new elements into a rich text editor. It has a few distinct advantages over Slate, including the following:

1. A "/" menu, which allows editors to easily add new elements while never leaving their keyboard
1. A "hover" toolbar that pops up if you select text
1. It supports Payload blocks natively, directly within your rich text editor
1. Custom elements, called "features", are much easier to build in Lexical vs. Slate

To use the Lexical editor, first you need to install it:

```
npm install @payloadcms/richtext-lexical
```

Once you have it installed, you can pass it to your top-level Payload config as follows:

```ts
import { buildConfig } from 'payload/config'
import { lexicalEditor } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

export default buildConfig({
  collections: [
    // your collections here
  ],
  // Pass the Lexical editor to the root config
  editor: lexicalEditor({}),
})
```

You can also override Lexical settings on a field-by-field basis as follows:

```ts
import type { CollectionConfig } from 'payload/types'
import { lexicalEditor } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

export const Pages: CollectionConfig = {
  slug: 'pages',
  fields: [
    {
      name: 'content',
      type: 'richText',
      // Pass the Lexical editor here and override base settings as necessary
      editor: lexicalEditor({}),
    },
  ],
}
```

## Extending the lexical editor with Features

Lexical has been designed with extensibility in mind. Whether you're aiming to introduce new functionalities or tweak the existing ones, Lexical makes it seamless for you to bring those changes to life.

### Features: The Building Blocks

At the heart of Lexical's customization potential are "features". While Lexical ships with a set of default features we believe are essential for most use cases, the true power lies in your ability to redefine, expand, or prune these as needed.

If you remove all the default features, you're left with a blank editor. You can then add in only the features you need, or you can build your own custom features from scratch.

### Integrating New Features

To weave in your custom features, utilize the `features` prop when initializing the Lexical Editor. Here's a basic example of how this is done:

```ts
import {
  BlocksFeature,
  LinkFeature,
  UploadFeature,
  lexicalEditor,
} from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'
import { Banner } from '../blocks/Banner'
import { CallToAction } from '../blocks/CallToAction'

{
  editor: lexicalEditor({
    features: ({ defaultFeatures }) => [
      ...defaultFeatures,
      LinkFeature({
        // Example showing how to customize the built-in fields
        // of the Link feature
        fields: [
          {
            name: 'rel',
            label: 'Rel Attribute',
            type: 'select',
            hasMany: true,
            options: ['noopener', 'noreferrer', 'nofollow'],
            admin: {
              description:
                'The rel attribute defines the relationship between a linked resource and the current document. This is a custom link field.',
            },
          },
        ],
      }),
      UploadFeature({
        collections: {
          uploads: {
            // Example showing how to customize the built-in fields
            // of the Upload feature
            fields: [
              {
                name: 'caption',
                type: 'richText',
                editor: lexicalEditor(),
              },
            ],
          },
        },
      }),
      // This is incredibly powerful. You can re-use your Payload blocks
      // directly in the Lexical editor as follows:
      BlocksFeature({
        blocks: [Banner, CallToAction],
      }),
    ],
  })
}
```

## Features overview

Here's an overview of all the included features:

| Feature Name                   | Included by default | Description                                                                                                                                                                            |
|--------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **`BoldTextFeature`**          | Yes                 | Handles the bold text format                                                                                                                                                           |
| **`ItalicTextFeature`**        | Yes                 | Handles the italic text format                                                                                                                                                         |
| **`UnderlineTextFeature`**     | Yes                 | Handles the underline text format                                                                                                                                                      |
| **`StrikethroughTextFeature`** | Yes                 | Handles the strikethrough text format                                                                                                                                                  |
| **`SubscriptTextFeature`**     | Yes                 | Handles the subscript text format                                                                                                                                                      |
| **`SuperscriptTextFeature`**   | Yes                 | Handles the superscript text format                                                                                                                                                    |
| **`InlineCodeTextFeature`**    | Yes                 | Handles the inline-code text format                                                                                                                                                    |
| **`ParagraphFeature`**         | Yes                 | Handles paragraphs. Since they are already a key feature of lexical itself, this Feature mainly handles the Slash and Add-Block menu entries for paragraphs                            |
| **`HeadingFeature`**           | Yes                 | Adds Heading Nodes (by default, H1 - H6, but that can be customized)                                                                                                                   |
| **`AlignFeature`**             | Yes                 | Allows you to align text left, centered and right                                                                                                                                      |
| **`IndentFeature`**            | Yes                 | Allows you to indent text with the tab key                                                                                                                                             |
| **`UnorderedListFeature`**     | Yes                 | Adds unordered lists (ul)                                                                                                                                                              |
| **`OrderedListFeature`**       | Yes                 | Adds ordered lists (ol)                                                                                                                                                                |
| **`CheckListFeature`**         | Yes                 | Adds checklists                                                                                                                                                                        |
| **`LinkFeature`**              | Yes                 | Allows you to create internal and external links                                                                                                                                       |
| **`RelationshipFeature`**      | Yes                 | Allows you to create block-level (not inline) relationships to other documents                                                                                                         |
| **`BlockQuoteFeature`**        | Yes                 | Allows you to create block-level quotes                                                                                                                                                |
| **`UploadFeature`**            | Yes                 | Allows you to create block-level upload nodes - this supports all kinds of uploads, not just images                                                                                    |
| **`HorizontalRuleFeature`**    | Yes                 | Horizontal rules / separators. Basically displays an <hr> element                                                                                                                      |
| **`BlocksFeature`**            | No                  | Allows you to use Payload's [Blocks Field](/docs/fields/blocks) directly inside your editor. In the feature props, you can specify the allowed blocks - just like in the Blocks field.                 |
| **`TreeViewFeature`**          | No                  | Adds a debug box under the editor, which allows you to see the current editor state live, the dom, as well as time travel. Very useful for debugging                                   |

## Creating your own, custom Feature

Creating your own custom feature requires deep knowledge of the Lexical editor. We recommend you take a look at the [Lexical documentation](https://lexical.dev/docs/intro) first - especially the "concepts" section.

Next, take a look at the [features we've already built](https://github.com/payloadcms/payload/tree/main/packages/richtext-lexical/src/field/features) - understanding how they work will help you understand how to create your own. There is no difference between the features included by default and the ones you create yourself - since those features are all isolated from the "core", you have access to the same APIs, whether the feature is part of payload or not!

## Converters

### Lexical => HTML

Lexical saves data in JSON, but can also generate its HTML representation via two main methods:

1. **Outputting HTML from the Collection:** Create a new field in your collection to convert saved JSON content to HTML. Payload generates and outputs the HTML for use in your frontend.
2. **Generating HTML on any server** Convert JSON to HTML on-demand on the server.

The editor comes with built-in HTML serializers, simplifying the process of converting JSON to HTML.

#### Outputting HTML from the Collection

To add HTML generation directly within the collection, follow the example below:

```ts
import type { CollectionConfig } from 'payload/types'

import { HTMLConverterFeature, lexicalEditor, lexicalHTML } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

const Pages: CollectionConfig = {
  slug: 'pages',
  fields: [
    {
      name: 'nameOfYourRichTextField',
      type: 'richText',
      editor: lexicalEditor({
        features: ({ defaultFeatures }) => [
          ...defaultFeatures,
          // The HTMLConverter Feature is the feature which manages the HTML serializers. If you do not pass any arguments to it, it will use the default serializers.
          HTMLConverterFeature({}),
        ],
      }),
    },
    lexicalHTML('nameOfYourRichTextField', { name: 'nameOfYourRichTextField_html' }),
  ],
}
```

The `lexicalHTML()` function creates a new field that automatically converts the referenced lexical richText field into HTML through an afterRead hook.

#### Generating HTML anywhere on the server:

If you wish to convert JSON to HTML ad-hoc, use this code snippet:

```ts
import type { SerializedEditorState } from 'lexical'
import {
  type SanitizedEditorConfig,
  convertLexicalToHTML,
  consolidateHTMLConverters,
} from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

async function lexicalToHTML(
  editorData: SerializedEditorState,
  editorConfig: SanitizedEditorConfig,
) {
  return await convertLexicalToHTML({
    converters: consolidateHTMLConverters({ editorConfig }),
    data: editorData,
  })
}
```

This method employs `convertLexicalToHTML` from `@payloadcms/richtext-lexical`, which converts the serialized editor state into HTML.

Because every `Feature` is able to provide html converters, and because the `htmlFeature` can modify those or provide their own, we need to consolidate them with the default html Converters using the `consolidateHTMLConverters` function.

#### CSS

Payload's lexical HTML converter does not generate CSS for you, but it does add classes to the generated HTML. You can use these classes to style the HTML in your frontend.

Here is some "base" CSS you can use to ensure that nested lists render correctly:

```css
/* Base CSS for Lexical HTML */
.nestedListItem, .list-check {
  list-style-type: none;
}
```

#### Creating your own HTML Converter

HTML Converters are typed as `HTMLConverter`, which contains the node type it should handle, and a function that accepts the serialized node from the lexical editor, and outputs the HTML string. Here's the HTML Converter of the Upload node as an example:

```ts
import type { HTMLConverter } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'
import payload from 'payload'

const UploadHTMLConverter: HTMLConverter<SerializedUploadNode> = {
  converter: async ({ node }) => {
    const uploadDocument = await payload.findByID({
      id: node.value.id,
      collection: node.relationTo,
    })
    const url = (payload?.config?.serverURL || '') + uploadDocument?.url

    if (!(uploadDocument?.mimeType as string)?.startsWith('image')) {
      // Only images can be serialized as HTML
      return ``
    }

    return `<img src="${url}" alt="${uploadDocument?.filename}" width="${uploadDocument?.width}"  height="${uploadDocument?.height}"/>`
  },
  nodeTypes: [UploadNode.getType()], // This is the type of the lexical node that this converter can handle. Instead of hardcoding 'upload' we can get the node type directly from the UploadNode, since it's static.
}
```

As you can see, we have access to all the information saved in the node (for the Upload node, this is `value`and `relationTo`) and we can use that to generate the HTML.

The `convertLexicalToHTML` is part of `@payloadcms/richtext-lexical` automatically handles traversing the editor state and calling the correct converter for each node.

#### Embedding the HTML Converter in your Feature

You can embed your HTML Converter directly within your custom `Feature`, allowing it to be handled automatically by the `consolidateHTMLConverters` function. Here is an example:

```ts
export const UploadFeature = (props?: UploadFeatureProps): FeatureProvider => {
  return {
    feature: () => {
      return {
        nodes: [
          {
            converters: {
              html: yourHTMLConverter, // <= This is where you define your HTML Converter
            },
            node: UploadNode,
            type: UploadNode.getType(),
            //...
          },
        ],
        plugins: [
          /*...*/
        ],
        props: props,
        slashMenu: {
          /*...*/
        },
      }
    },
    key: 'upload',
  }
}
```

### Headless Editor

Lexical provides a seamless way to perform conversions between various other formats:

- HTML to Lexical (or, importing HTML into the lexical editor)
- Markdown to Lexical (or, importing Markdown into the lexical editor)
- Lexical to Markdown

A headless editor can perform such conversions outside of the main editor instance. Follow this method to initiate a headless editor:

```ts
import { createHeadlessEditor } from '@lexical/headless' // <= make sure this package is installed
import { getEnabledNodes, sanitizeEditorConfig } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

const yourEditorConfig // <= your editor config here

const headlessEditor = createHeadlessEditor({
  nodes: getEnabledNodes({
    editorConfig: sanitizeEditorConfig(yourEditorConfig),
  }),
})
```

### Getting the editor config

As you can see, you need to provide an editor config in order to create a headless editor. This is because the editor config is used to determine which nodes & features are enabled, and which converters are used.

To get the editor config, simply import the default editor config and adjust it - just like you did inside of the `editor: lexicalEditor({})` property:

```ts
import { defaultEditorConfig, defaultEditorFeatures } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical' // <= make sure this package is installed

const yourEditorConfig = defaultEditorConfig

// If you made changes to the features of the field's editor config, you should also make those changes here:
yourEditorConfig.features = [
  ...defaultEditorFeatures,
  // Add your custom features here
]
```

### HTML => Lexical

Once you have your headless editor instance, you can use it to convert HTML to Lexical:

```ts
import { $generateNodesFromDOM } from '@lexical/html'
import { $getRoot, $getSelection } from 'lexical'
import { JSDOM } from 'jsdom'

headlessEditor.update(
  () => {
    // In a headless environment you can use a package such as JSDom to parse the HTML string.
    const dom = new JSDOM(htmlString)

    // Once you have the DOM instance it's easy to generate LexicalNodes.
    const nodes = $generateNodesFromDOM(headlessEditor, dom.window.document)

    // Select the root
    $getRoot().select()

    // Insert them at a selection.
    const selection = $getSelection()
    selection.insertNodes(nodes)
  },
  { discrete: true },
)

// Do this if you then want to get the editor JSON
const editorJSON = headlessEditor.getEditorState().toJSON()
```

Functions prefixed with a `$` can only be run inside of an `editor.update()` or `editorState.read()` callback.

This has been taken from the [lexical serialization & deserialization docs](https://lexical.dev/docs/concepts/serialization#html---lexical).

<Banner type="success">
  <strong>Note:</strong>
  <br />
  Using the <code>discrete: true</code> flag ensures instant updates to the editor state. If
  immediate reading of the updated state isn't necessary, you can omit the flag.
</Banner>

### Markdown => Lexical

Convert markdown content to the Lexical editor format with the following:

```ts
import { $convertFromMarkdownString } from '@lexical/markdown'
import { sanitizeEditorConfig } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

const yourSanitizedEditorConfig = sanitizeEditorConfig(yourEditorConfig) // <= your editor config here
const markdown = `# Hello World`

headlessEditor.update(
  () => {
    $convertFromMarkdownString(markdown, yourSanitizedEditorConfig.features.markdownTransformers)
  },
  { discrete: true },
)

// Do this if you then want to get the editor JSON
const editorJSON = headlessEditor.getEditorState().toJSON()
```

### Lexical => Markdown

Export content from the Lexical editor into Markdown format using these steps:

1. Import your current editor state into the headless editor.
2. Convert and fetch the resulting markdown string.

Here's the code for it:

```ts
import { $convertToMarkdownString } from '@lexical/markdown'
import { sanitizeEditorConfig } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'
import type { SerializedEditorState } from 'lexical'

const yourSanitizedEditorConfig = sanitizeEditorConfig(yourEditorConfig) // <= your editor config here
const yourEditorState: SerializedEditorState // <= your current editor state here

// Import editor state into your headless editor
try {
  headlessEditor.setEditorState(headlessEditor.parseEditorState(yourEditorState)) // This should commit the editor state immediately
} catch (e) {
  logger.error({ err: e }, 'ERROR parsing editor state')
}

// Export to markdown
let markdown: string
headlessEditor.getEditorState().read(() => {
  markdown = $convertToMarkdownString(yourSanitizedEditorConfig?.features?.markdownTransformers)
})
```

The `.setEditorState()` function immediately updates your editor state. Thus, there's no need for the `discrete: true` flag when reading the state afterward.

### Lexical => Plain Text

Export content from the Lexical editor into plain text using these steps:

1. Import your current editor state into the headless editor.
2. Convert and fetch the resulting plain text string.

Here's the code for it:

```ts
import type { SerializedEditorState } from 'lexical'
import { $getRoot } from 'lexical'

const yourEditorState: SerializedEditorState // <= your current editor state here

// Import editor state into your headless editor
try {
  headlessEditor.setEditorState(headlessEditor.parseEditorState(yourEditorState)) // This should commit the editor state immediately
} catch (e) {
  logger.error({ err: e }, 'ERROR parsing editor state')
}

// Export to plain text
const plainTextContent =
  headlessEditor.getEditorState().read(() => {
    return $getRoot().getTextContent()
  }) || ''
```

## Migrating from Slate

While both Slate and Lexical save the editor state in JSON, the structure of the JSON is different.

### Migration via SlateToLexicalFeature

One way to handle this is to just give your lexical editor the ability to read the slate JSON.

Simply add the `SlateToLexicalFeature` to your editor:

```ts
import type { CollectionConfig } from 'payload/types'

import { SlateToLexicalFeature, lexicalEditor } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

const Pages: CollectionConfig = {
  slug: 'pages',
  fields: [
    {
      name: 'nameOfYourRichTextField',
      type: 'richText',
      editor: lexicalEditor({
        features: ({ defaultFeatures }) => [...defaultFeatures, SlateToLexicalFeature({})],
      }),
    },
  ],
}
```

and done! Now, everytime this lexical editor is initialized, it converts the slate date to lexical on-the-fly. If the data is already in lexical format, it will just pass it through.

This is by far the easiest way to migrate from Slate to Lexical, although it does come with a few caveats:

- There is a performance hit when initializing the lexical editor
- The editor will still output the Slate data in the output JSON, as the on-the-fly converter only runs for the admin panel

The easy way to solve this: Just save the document! This overrides the slate data with the lexical data, and the next time the document is loaded, the lexical data will be used. This solves both the performance and the output issue for that specific document.

### Migration via migration script

The method described above does not solve the issue for all documents, though. If you want to convert all your documents to lexical, you can use a migration script. Here's a simple example:

```ts
import type { Payload } from 'payload'
import type { YourDocumentType } from 'payload/generated-types'

import {
  cloneDeep,
  convertSlateToLexical,
  defaultSlateConverters,
} from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

import { AnotherCustomConverter } from './lexicalFeatures/converters/AnotherCustomConverter'

export async function convertAll(payload: Payload, collectionName: string, fieldName: string) {
  const docs: YourDocumentType[] = await payload.db.collections[collectionName].find({}).exec() // Use MongoDB models directly to query all documents at once
  console.log(`Found ${docs.length} ${collectionName} docs`)

  const converters = cloneDeep([...defaultSlateConverters, AnotherCustomConverter])

  // Split docs into batches of 20.
  const batchSize = 20
  const batches = []
  for (let i = 0; i < docs.length; i += batchSize) {
    batches.push(docs.slice(i, i + batchSize))
  }

  let processed = 0 // Number of processed docs

  for (const batch of batches) {
    // Process each batch asynchronously
    const promises = batch.map(async (doc: YourDocumentType) => {
      const richText = doc[fieldName]

      if (richText && Array.isArray(richText) && !('root' in richText)) {
        // It's Slate data - skip already-converted data
        const converted = convertSlateToLexical({
          converters: converters,
          slateData: richText,
        })

        await payload.update({
          id: doc.id,
          collection: collectionName as any,
          data: {
            [fieldName]: converted,
          },
        })
      }
    })

    // Wait for all promises in the batch to complete. Resolving batches of 20 asynchronously is faster than waiting for each doc to update individually
    await Promise.all(promises)

    // Update the count of processed docs
    processed += batch.length
    console.log(`Converted ${processed} of ${docs.length}`)
  }
}
```

The `convertSlateToLexical` is the same method used in the `SlateToLexicalFeature` - it handles traversing the Slate JSON for you.

Do note that this script might require adjustment depending on your document structure, especially if you have nested richText fields or localization enabled.

### Converting custom Slate nodes

If you have custom Slate nodes, create a custom converter for them. Here's the Upload converter as an example:

```ts
import type { SerializedUploadNode } from '../uploadNode.'
import type { SlateNodeConverter } from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

export const SlateUploadConverter: SlateNodeConverter = {
  converter({ slateNode }) {
    return {
      fields: {
        ...slateNode.fields,
      },
      format: '',
      relationTo: slateNode.relationTo,
      type: 'upload',
      value: {
        id: slateNode.value?.id || '',
      },
      version: 1,
    } as const as SerializedUploadNode
  },
  nodeTypes: ['upload'],
}
```

It's pretty simple: You get a Slate node as input, and you return the lexical node. The `nodeTypes` array is used to determine which Slate nodes this converter can handle.

When using a migration script, you can add your custom converters to the `converters` property of the `convertSlateToLexical` props, as seen in the example above

When using the `SlateToLexicalFeature`, you can add your custom converters to the `converters` property of the `SlateToLexicalFeature` props:

```ts
import type { CollectionConfig } from 'payload/types'

import {
  SlateToLexicalFeature,
  lexicalEditor,
  defaultSlateConverters,
} from '@payloadcms/richtext-lexical'

import { YourCustomConverter } from '../converters/YourCustomConverter'

const Pages: CollectionConfig = {
  slug: 'pages',
  fields: [
    {
      name: 'nameOfYourRichTextField',
      type: 'richText',
      editor: lexicalEditor({
        features: ({ defaultFeatures }) => [
          ...defaultFeatures,
          SlateToLexicalFeature({
            converters: [...defaultSlateConverters, YourCustomConverter],
          }),
        ],
      }),
    },
  ],
}
```

## Migrating from payload-plugin-lexical

Migrating from [payload-plugin-lexical](https://github.com/AlessioGr/payload-plugin-lexical) works similar to migrating from Slate.

Instead of a `SlateToLexicalFeature` there is a `LexicalPluginToLexicalFeature` you can use. And instead of `convertSlateToLexical` you can use `convertLexicalPluginToLexical`.

## Coming Soon

Lots more documentation will be coming soon, which will show in detail how to create your own custom features within Lexical.

For now, take a look at the TypeScript interfaces and let us know if you need a hand. Much more will be coming from the Payload team on this topic soon.
