Use same sentence style as broadcasts for audit log lines

* main:
  Remove unnecessary audit recordings

Gemfile.lock

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 PATH
   remote: .
   specs:
-    mrsk (0.6.0)
+    mrsk (0.6.4)
       activesupport (>= 7.0)
       dotenv (~> 2.8)
       sshkit (~> 1.21)

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # MRSK
 
-MRSK deploys web apps in containers to servers running Docker with zero downtime. It uses the dynamic reverse-proxy Traefik to hold requests while the new application container is started and the old one is stopped. It works seamlessly across multiple hosts, using SSHKit to execute commands.
+MRSK deploys web apps in containers to servers running Docker with zero downtime. It uses the dynamic reverse-proxy Traefik to hold requests while the new application container is started and the old one is stopped. It works seamlessly across multiple hosts, using SSHKit to execute commands. It was built for Rails applications, but works with any type of web app that can be bundled with Docker.
 
 ## Installation
 
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ env:
 
 Then edit your `.env` file to add your registry password as `MRSK_REGISTRY_PASSWORD` (and your `RAILS_MASTER_KEY` for production with a Rails app). 
 
+Finally, you have to ensure your application can answer `200 OK` to a `GET /up` request. That's how the zero-downtime deploy process knows that your new version is ready to serve traffic.
+
 Now you're ready to deploy to the servers:
 
 ```
@@ -43,11 +45,23 @@ This will:
 
 Voila! All the servers are now serving the app on port 80. If you're just running a single server, you're ready to go. If you're running multiple servers, you need to put a load balancer in front of them.
 
-## Why not just run Capistrano or Kubernetes?
+## Vision
+
+In the past decade+, there's been an explosion in commercial offerings that make deploying web apps easier. Heroku kicked it off with an incredible offering that stayed ahead of the competition seemingly forever. These days we have excellent alternatives like Fly.io and Render. And hosted Kubernetes is making things easier too on AWS, GCP, Digital Ocean, and elsewhere. But these are all offerings that have you renting computers in the cloud at a premium. If you want to run on our own hardware, or even just have a clear migration path to do so, you need to carefully consider how locked in you get to these commercial platforms. Preferably before the bills swallow your business whole!
+
+MRSK seeks to bring the advance in ergonomics pioneered by these commercial offerings to deploying web apps anywhere. Whether that's low-cost cloud options without the managed-service markup from the likes of Digital Ocean, Hetzner, OVH, etc, or it's your own colocated metal. To MRSK, it's all the same. Feed the config file a list of IP addresses with vanilla Ubuntu servers that have seen no prep beyond an added SSH key, and you'll be running in literally minutes.
+
+This structure also gives you enormous portability. You can have your web app deployed on several clouds at ease like this. Or you can buy the baseline with your own hardware, then deploy to a cloud before a big seasonal spike to get more capacity. When you're not locked into a single provider from a tooling perspective, there's a lot of compelling options available.
+
+Ultimately, MRSK is meant to compress the complexity of going to production using open source tooling that isn't tied to any commercial offering. Not to zero, though. You're probably still better off with a fully managed service if basic Linux or Docker is still difficult, but from an early stage when those concepts are familiar.
+
+## Why not just run Capistrano, Kubernetes or Docker Swarm?
 
 MRSK basically is Capistrano for Containers, which allow us to use vanilla servers as the hosts. No need to ensure that the servers have just the right version of Ruby or other dependencies you need. That all lives in the Docker image now. You can boot a brand new Ubuntu (or whatever) server, add it to the deploy servers of MRSK, and it'll be auto-provisioned with Docker, and run right away. Docker's layer caching also allows for quicker deployments with less mucking about on the server. And the images built for MRSK can be used for CI or later introspection.
 
-Kubernetes is a beast. Running it yourself on your own hardware is not for the faint of heart. It's a fine option if you want to run on someone else's platform, like Render or Fly, but if you'd like the freedom to move between cloud and your own hardware, or even mix the two, MRSK is much simpler. You can see everything that's going on, it's just basic Docker commands being called.
+Kubernetes is a beast. Running it yourself on your own hardware is not for the faint of heart. It's a fine option if you want to run on someone else's platform, either transparently [like Render](https://thenewstack.io/render-cloud-deployment-with-less-engineering/) or explicitly on AWS/GCP, but if you'd like the freedom to move between cloud and your own hardware, or even mix the two, MRSK is much simpler. You can see everything that's going on, it's just basic Docker commands being called.
+
+Docker Swarm is much simpler than Kubernetes, but it's still built on the same declarative model that uses state reconciliation. MRSK is intentionally designed to around imperative commands, like Capistrano.
 
 ## Configuration
 
@@ -247,14 +261,15 @@ builder:
 
 This build secret can then be referenced in the Dockerfile:
 
-```
+```dockerfile
 # Copy Gemfiles
 COPY Gemfile Gemfile.lock ./
 
-# Install dependencies, including private repositories via access token
+# Install dependencies, including private repositories via access token (then remove bundle cache with exposed GITHUB_TOKEN)
 RUN --mount=type=secret,id=GITHUB_TOKEN \
   BUNDLE_GITHUB__COM=x-access-token:$(cat /run/secrets/GITHUB_TOKEN) \
-  bundle install
+  bundle install && \
+  rm -rf /usr/local/bundle/cache
 ```
 
 ### Using command arguments for Traefik
@@ -263,12 +278,13 @@ You can customize the traefik command line:
 
 ```yaml
 traefik:
+  args:
     accesslog: true
     accesslog.format: json
-  metrics.prometheus: true
-  metrics.prometheus.buckets: 0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0
 ```
 
+This will start the traefik container with `--accesslog=true accesslog.format=json`.
+
 ### Configuring build args for new images
 
 Build arguments that aren't secret can also be configured:
@@ -331,6 +347,29 @@ This template can safely be checked into git. Then everyone deploying the app ca
 
 If you need separate env variables for different destinations, you can set them with `.env.destination.erb` for the template, which will generate `.env.staging` when run with `mrsk envify -d staging`.
 
+### Using audit broadcasts
+
+If you'd like to broadcast audits of deploys, rollbacks, etc to a chatroom or elsewhere, you can configure the `audit_broadcast_cmd` setting with the path to a bin file that reads the audit line from STDIN, and then does whatever with it:
+
+```yaml
+audit_broadcast_cmd:
+  bin/audit_broadcast
+```
+
+The broadcast command could look something like:
+
+```bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+read
+curl -q -d content="[My app] ${REPLY}" https://3.basecamp.com/XXXXX/integrations/XXXXX/buckets/XXXXX/chats/XXXXX/lines
+```
+
+That'll post a line like follows to a preconfigured chatbot in Basecamp:
+
+```
+[My App] [2023-02-18 11:29:52] [dhh] Rolled back to version d264c4e92470ad1bd18590f04466787262f605de
+```
+
 ## Commands
 
 ### Running commands on servers

lib/mrsk/cli/accessory.rb

@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Accessory < Mrsk::Cli::Base
         upload(name)
 
         on(accessory.host) do
-          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} boot"), verbosity: :debug
+          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Booted #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
           execute *accessory.run
         end
+
+        audit_broadcast "Booted accessory #{name}"
       end
     end
   end
@@ -20,8 +22,6 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Accessory < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   def upload(name)
     with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
       on(accessory.host) do
-        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} upload files"), verbosity: :debug
-
         accessory.files.each do |(local, remote)|
           accessory.ensure_local_file_present(local)
 
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Accessory < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   def directories(name)
     with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
       on(accessory.host) do
-        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} create directories"), verbosity: :debug
-
         accessory.directories.keys.each do |host_path|
           execute *accessory.make_directory(host_path)
         end
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Accessory < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   def start(name)
     with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
       on(accessory.host) do
-        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} start"), verbosity: :debug
+        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Started #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
         execute *accessory.start
       end
     end
@@ -69,7 +67,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Accessory < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   def stop(name)
     with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
       on(accessory.host) do
-        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} stop"), verbosity: :debug
+        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Stopped #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
         execute *accessory.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
       end
     end
@@ -111,14 +109,14 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Accessory < Mrsk::Cli::Base
       when options[:reuse]
         say "Launching command from existing container...", :magenta
         on(accessory.host) do
-          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} cmd '#{cmd}'"), verbosity: :debug
+          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Executed cmd '#{cmd}' on #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
           capture_with_info(*accessory.execute_in_existing_container(cmd))
         end
 
       else
         say "Launching command from new container...", :magenta
         on(accessory.host) do
-          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} cmd '#{cmd}'"), verbosity: :debug
+          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Executed cmd '#{cmd}' on #{name} accessory"), verbosity: :debug
           capture_with_info(*accessory.execute_in_new_container(cmd))
         end
       end
@@ -169,7 +167,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Accessory < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   def remove_container(name)
     with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
       on(accessory.host) do
-        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} remove container"), verbosity: :debug
+        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Remove #{name} accessory container"), verbosity: :debug
         execute *accessory.remove_container
       end
     end
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Accessory < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   def remove_image(name)
     with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
       on(accessory.host) do
-        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} remove image"), verbosity: :debug
+        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Removed #{name} accessory image"), verbosity: :debug
         execute *accessory.remove_image
       end
     end
@@ -189,7 +187,6 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Accessory < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   def remove_service_directory(name)
     with_accessory(name) do |accessory|
       on(accessory.host) do
-        execute *MRSK.auditor.record("accessory #{name} remove service directory"), verbosity: :debug
         execute *accessory.remove_service_directory
       end
     end

lib/mrsk/cli/app.rb

@@ -1,26 +1,23 @@
 class Mrsk::Cli::App < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "boot", "Boot app on servers (or reboot app if already running)"
   def boot
-    cli = self
-
-    say "Ensure no other version of the app is running...", :magenta
-    stop
-
     say "Get most recent version available as an image...", :magenta unless options[:version]
     using_version(options[:version] || most_recent_version_available) do |version|
       say "Start container with version #{version} (or reboot if already running)...", :magenta
 
       MRSK.config.roles.each do |role|
         on(role.hosts) do |host|
-          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("app boot version #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
+          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Booted app version #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
 
           begin
+            execute *MRSK.app.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
             execute *MRSK.app.run(role: role.name)
           rescue SSHKit::Command::Failed => e
             if e.message =~ /already in use/
               error "Rebooting container with same version already deployed on #{host}"
+              execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Rebooted app version #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
 
-              cli.remove_container version
+              execute *MRSK.app.remove_container(version: version)
               execute *MRSK.app.run(role: role.name)
             else
               raise
@@ -34,7 +31,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::App < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "start", "Start existing app on servers (use --version=<git-hash> to designate specific version)"
   def start
     on(MRSK.hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("app start version #{MRSK.version}"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Started app version #{MRSK.version}"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.app.start, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
     end
   end
@@ -42,7 +39,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::App < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "stop", "Stop app on servers"
   def stop
     on(MRSK.hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("app stop"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Stopped app"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.app.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
     end
   end
@@ -77,7 +74,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::App < Mrsk::Cli::Base
         say "Launching command with version #{version} from existing container...", :magenta
 
         on(MRSK.hosts) do |host|
-          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("app cmd '#{cmd}' with version #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
+          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Executed cmd '#{cmd}' on app version #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
           puts_by_host host, capture_with_info(*MRSK.app.execute_in_existing_container(cmd))
         end
       end
@@ -87,7 +84,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::App < Mrsk::Cli::Base
       using_version(options[:version] || most_recent_version_available) do |version|
         say "Launching command with version #{version} from new container...", :magenta
         on(MRSK.hosts) do |host|
-          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("app cmd '#{cmd}' with version #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
+          execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Executed cmd '#{cmd}' on app version #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
           puts_by_host host, capture_with_info(*MRSK.app.execute_in_new_container(cmd))
         end
       end
@@ -143,7 +140,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::App < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "remove_container [VERSION]", "Remove app container with given version from servers"
   def remove_container(version)
     on(MRSK.hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("app remove container #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Removed app container with version #{version}"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.app.remove_container(version: version)
     end
   end
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::App < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "remove_containers", "Remove all app containers from servers"
   def remove_containers
     on(MRSK.hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("app remove containers"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Removed all app containers"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.app.remove_containers
     end
   end
@@ -159,7 +156,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::App < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "remove_images", "Remove all app images from servers"
   def remove_images
     on(MRSK.hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("app remove images"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Removed all app images"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.app.remove_images
     end
   end

lib/mrsk/cli/base.rb

@@ -59,9 +59,14 @@ module Mrsk::Cli
       def print_runtime
         started_at = Time.now
         yield
+        return Time.now - started_at
       ensure
         runtime = Time.now - started_at
         puts "  Finished all in #{sprintf("%.1f seconds", runtime)}"
       end
+
+      def audit_broadcast(line)
+        run_locally { execute *MRSK.auditor.broadcast(line), verbosity: :debug }
+      end
   end
 end

lib/mrsk/cli/build.rb

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Build < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "pull", "Pull app image from the registry onto servers"
   def pull
     on(MRSK.hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("build pull image #{MRSK.version}"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Pulled image with version #{MRSK.version}"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.builder.pull
     end
   end

lib/mrsk/cli/main.rb

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Main < Mrsk::Cli::Base
 
   desc "deploy", "Deploy the app to servers"
   def deploy
-    print_runtime do
+    runtime = print_runtime do
       say "Ensure Docker is installed...", :magenta
       invoke "mrsk:cli:server:bootstrap"
 
@@ -28,16 +28,20 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Main < Mrsk::Cli::Base
       say "Prune old containers and images...", :magenta
       invoke "mrsk:cli:prune:all"
     end
+
+    audit_broadcast "Deployed in #{runtime.to_i} seconds"
   end
 
   desc "redeploy", "Deploy new version of the app to servers (without bootstrapping servers, starting Traefik, pruning, and registry login)"
   def redeploy
-    print_runtime do
+    runtime = print_runtime do
       say "Build and push app image...", :magenta
       invoke "mrsk:cli:build:deliver"
 
       invoke "mrsk:cli:app:boot"
     end
+
+    audit_broadcast "Redeployed in #{runtime.to_i} seconds"
   end
 
   desc "rollback [VERSION]", "Rollback the app to VERSION"
@@ -51,6 +55,8 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Main < Mrsk::Cli::Base
       execute *MRSK.app.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
       execute *MRSK.app.start
     end
+
+    audit_broadcast "Rolled back to version #{version}"
   end
 
   desc "details", "Display details about Traefik and app containers"
@@ -107,10 +113,14 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Main < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "envify", "Create .env by evaluating .env.erb (or .env.staging.erb -> .env.staging when using -d staging)"
   def envify
     if destination = options[:destination]
-      File.write(".env.#{destination}", ERB.new(IO.read(Pathname.new(File.expand_path(".env.#{destination}.erb")))).result)
+      env_template_path = ".env.#{destination}.erb"
+      env_path          = ".env.#{destination}"
     else
-      File.write(".env", ERB.new(IO.read(Pathname.new(File.expand_path(".env.erb")))).result)
+      env_template_path = ".env.erb"
+      env_path          = ".env"
     end
+
+    File.write(env_path, ERB.new(File.read(env_template_path)).result, perm: 0600)
   end
 
   desc "remove", "Remove Traefik, app, and registry session from servers"

lib/mrsk/cli/prune.rb

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Prune < Mrsk::Cli::Base
     invoke :images
   end
 
-  desc "images", "Prune unused images older than 30 days"
+  desc "images", "Prune unused images older than 7 days"
   def images
     on(MRSK.hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("prune images"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Pruned images"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.prune.images
     end
   end
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Prune < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "containers", "Prune stopped containers for the service older than 3 days"
   def containers
     on(MRSK.hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("prune containers"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Pruned containers"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.prune.containers
     end
   end

lib/mrsk/cli/traefik.rb

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Traefik < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "start", "Start existing Traefik on servers"
   def start
     on(MRSK.traefik_hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("traefik start"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Started traefik"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.traefik.start, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
     end
   end
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Traefik < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "stop", "Stop Traefik on servers"
   def stop
     on(MRSK.traefik_hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("traefik stop"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Stopped traefik"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.traefik.stop, raise_on_non_zero_exit: false
     end
   end
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Traefik < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "remove_container", "Remove Traefik container from servers"
   def remove_container
     on(MRSK.traefik_hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("traefik remove container"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Removed traefik container"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.traefik.remove_container
     end
   end
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class Mrsk::Cli::Traefik < Mrsk::Cli::Base
   desc "remove_container", "Remove Traefik image from servers"
   def remove_image
     on(MRSK.traefik_hosts) do
-      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("traefik remove image"), verbosity: :debug
+      execute *MRSK.auditor.record("Removed traefik image"), verbosity: :debug
       execute *MRSK.traefik.remove_image
     end
   end

lib/mrsk/commander.rb

@@ -75,10 +75,14 @@ class Mrsk::Commander
 
 
   def with_verbosity(level)
-    old_level = SSHKit.config.output_verbosity
+    old_level = self.verbosity
+
+    self.verbosity = level
     SSHKit.config.output_verbosity = level
+
     yield
   ensure
+    self.verbosity = old_level
     SSHKit.config.output_verbosity = old_level
   end
 
@@ -91,7 +95,15 @@ class Mrsk::Commander
 
   private
     def cascading_version
-      version.presence || ENV["VERSION"] || `git rev-parse HEAD`.strip
+      version.presence || ENV["VERSION"] || current_commit_hash
+    end
+
+    def current_commit_hash
+      if system("git rev-parse")
+        `git rev-parse HEAD`.strip
+      else
+        raise "Can't use commit hash as version, no git repository found in #{Dir.pwd}"
+      end
     end
 
     # Lazy setup of SSHKit

lib/mrsk/commands/accessory.rb

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ class Mrsk::Commands::Accessory < Mrsk::Commands::Base
       "--name", service_name,
       "-d",
       "--restart", "unless-stopped",
+      "--log-opt", "max-size=#{MAX_LOG_SIZE}",
       "-p", port,
       *env_args,
       *volume_args,

lib/mrsk/commands/app.rb

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ class Mrsk::Commands::App < Mrsk::Commands::Base
     docker :run,
       "-d",
       "--restart unless-stopped",
+      "--log-opt", "max-size=#{MAX_LOG_SIZE}",
       "--name", service_with_version,
       *role.env_args,
       *config.volume_args,

lib/mrsk/commands/auditor.rb

@@ -1,12 +1,22 @@
 require "active_support/core_ext/time/conversions"
 
 class Mrsk::Commands::Auditor < Mrsk::Commands::Base
+  # Runs remotely
   def record(line)
     append \
       [ :echo, tagged_line(line) ],
       audit_log_file
   end
 
+  # Runs locally
+  def broadcast(line)
+    if broadcast_cmd = config.audit_broadcast_cmd
+      pipe \
+        [ :echo, tagged_line(line) ],
+        broadcast_cmd
+    end
+  end
+
   def reveal
     [ :tail, "-n", 50, audit_log_file ]
   end
@@ -21,14 +31,14 @@ class Mrsk::Commands::Auditor < Mrsk::Commands::Base
     end
 
     def tags
-      "[#{timestamp}] [#{performer}]"
+      "[#{recorded_at}] [#{performer}]"
     end
 
     def performer
-      `whoami`.strip
+      @performer ||= `whoami`.strip
     end
 
-    def timestamp
+    def recorded_at
       Time.now.to_fs(:db)
     end
 end

lib/mrsk/commands/base.rb

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ module Mrsk::Commands
   class Base
     delegate :redact, to: Mrsk::Utils
 
+    MAX_LOG_SIZE = "10m"
+
     attr_accessor :config
 
     def initialize(config)

lib/mrsk/commands/builder/base.rb

@@ -5,6 +5,19 @@ class Mrsk::Commands::Builder::Base < Mrsk::Commands::Base
     docker :pull, config.absolute_image
   end
 
+  def build_options
+    [ *build_tags, *build_labels, *build_args, *build_secrets ]
+  end
+
+  private
+    def build_tags
+      [ "-t", config.absolute_image, "-t", config.latest_image ]
+    end
+
+    def build_labels
+      argumentize "--label", { service: config.service }
+    end
+
     def build_args
       argumentize "--build-arg", args, redacted: true
     end
@@ -13,7 +26,6 @@ class Mrsk::Commands::Builder::Base < Mrsk::Commands::Base
       argumentize "--secret", secrets.collect { |secret| [ "id", secret ] }
     end
 
-  private
     def args
       (config.builder && config.builder["args"]) || {}
     end

lib/mrsk/commands/builder/multiarch.rb

@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ class Mrsk::Commands::Builder::Multiarch < Mrsk::Commands::Builder::Base
       "--push",
       "--platform", "linux/amd64,linux/arm64",
       "--builder", builder_name,
-      "-t", config.absolute_image,
+      *build_options,
-      *build_args,
-      *build_secrets,
       "."
   end
 

lib/mrsk/commands/builder/native.rb

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class Mrsk::Commands::Builder::Native < Mrsk::Commands::Builder::Base
 
   def push
     combine \
-      docker(:build, "-t", *build_args, *build_secrets, config.absolute_image, "."),
+      docker(:build, *build_options, "."),
       docker(:push, config.absolute_image)
   end
 

lib/mrsk/commands/builder/native/remote.rb

@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@ class Mrsk::Commands::Builder::Native::Remote < Mrsk::Commands::Builder::Native
       "--push",
       "--platform", platform,
       "--builder", builder_name,
-      "-t", config.absolute_image,
+      *build_options,
-      *build_args,
-      *build_secrets,
       "."
   end
 

lib/mrsk/commands/prune.rb

@@ -2,15 +2,11 @@ require "active_support/duration"
 require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/time"
 
 class Mrsk::Commands::Prune < Mrsk::Commands::Base
-  PRUNE_IMAGES_AFTER     = 30.days.in_hours.to_i
+  def images(until_hours: 7.days.in_hours.to_i)
-  PRUNE_CONTAINERS_AFTER =  3.days.in_hours.to_i
+    docker :image, :prune, "--all", "--force", "--filter", "label=service=#{config.service}", "--filter", "until=#{until_hours}h"
-
-  def images
-    docker :image, :prune, "-f", "--filter", "until=#{PRUNE_IMAGES_AFTER}h"
   end
 
-  def containers
+  def containers(until_hours: 3.days.in_hours.to_i)
-    docker :image, :prune, "-f", "--filter", "until=#{PRUNE_IMAGES_AFTER}h"
+    docker :container, :prune, "--force", "--filter", "label=service=#{config.service}", "--filter", "until=#{until_hours}h"
-    docker :container, :prune, "-f", "--filter", "label=service=#{config.service}", "--filter", "'until=#{PRUNE_CONTAINERS_AFTER}h'"
   end
 end

lib/mrsk/commands/traefik.rb

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ class Mrsk::Commands::Traefik < Mrsk::Commands::Base
   def run
     docker :run, "--name traefik",
       "-d",
-      "--restart unless-stopped",
+      "--restart", "unless-stopped",
+      "--log-opt", "max-size=#{MAX_LOG_SIZE}",
       "-p 80:80",
       "-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock",
       "traefik",

lib/mrsk/configuration.rb

@@ -82,6 +82,10 @@ class Mrsk::Configuration
     "#{repository}:#{version}"
   end
 
+  def latest_image
+    "#{repository}:latest"
+  end
+
   def service_with_version
     "#{service}-#{version}"
   end
@@ -122,6 +126,10 @@ class Mrsk::Configuration
     { user: ssh_user, proxy: ssh_proxy, auth_methods: [ "publickey" ] }.compact
   end
 
+  def audit_broadcast_cmd
+    raw_config.audit_broadcast_cmd
+  end
+
 
   def valid?
     ensure_required_keys_present && ensure_env_available

lib/mrsk/version.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module Mrsk
-  VERSION = "0.6.0"
+  VERSION = "0.6.4"
 end

mrsk.gemspec

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.authors     = [ "David Heinemeier Hansson" ]
   spec.email       = "dhh@hey.com"
   spec.homepage    = "https://github.com/rails/mrsk"
-  spec.summary     = "Deploy Rails apps in containers to servers running Docker with zero downtime."
+  spec.summary     = "Deploy web apps in containers to servers running Docker with zero downtime."
   spec.license     = "MIT"
 
   spec.files = Dir["lib/**/*", "MIT-LICENSE", "README.md"]

test/cli/accessory_test.rb

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class CliAccessoryTest < CliTestCase
   end
 
   test "boot" do
-    assert_match "Running docker run --name app-mysql -d --restart unless-stopped -p 3306:3306 -e [REDACTED] -e MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=% --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=app-mysql mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", run_command("boot", "mysql")
+    assert_match "Running docker run --name app-mysql -d --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=10m -p 3306:3306 -e [REDACTED] -e MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=% --volume $PWD/app-mysql/etc/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf --volume $PWD/app-mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql --label service=app-mysql mysql:5.7 on 1.1.1.3", run_command("boot", "mysql")
   end
 
   test "exec" do

test/commander_test.rb

@@ -9,6 +9,16 @@ class CommanderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Mrsk::Configuration, @mrsk.config.class
   end
 
+  test "commit hash as version" do
+    assert_equal `git rev-parse HEAD`.strip, @mrsk.config.version
+  end
+
+  test "commit hash as version but not in git" do
+    @mrsk.expects(:system).with("git rev-parse").returns(nil)
+    error = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { @mrsk.config }
+    assert_match /no git repository found/, error.message
+  end
+
   test "overwriting hosts" do
     assert_equal [ "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3", "1.1.1.4" ], @mrsk.hosts
 

test/commands/accessory_test.rb

@@ -49,35 +49,43 @@ class CommandsAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "run" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :run, "--name", "app-mysql", "-d", "--restart", "unless-stopped", "-p", "3306:3306", "-e", "MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret123", "-e", "MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=%", "--label", "service=app-mysql", "mysql:8.0"], @mysql.run
+      "docker run --name app-mysql -d --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=10m -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret123 -e MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=% --label service=app-mysql mysql:8.0",
+      @mysql.run.join(" ")
 
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :run, "--name", "app-redis", "-d", "--restart", "unless-stopped", "-p", "6379:6379", "-e", "SOMETHING=else", "--volume", "/var/lib/redis:/data", "--label", "service=app-redis", "--label", "cache=true", "redis:latest"], @redis.run
+      "docker run --name app-redis -d --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=10m -p 6379:6379 -e SOMETHING=else --volume /var/lib/redis:/data --label service=app-redis --label cache=true redis:latest",
+      @redis.run.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "start" do
-    assert_equal [:docker, :container, :start, "app-mysql"], @mysql.start
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker container start app-mysql",
+      @mysql.start.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "stop" do
-    assert_equal [:docker, :container, :stop, "app-mysql"], @mysql.stop
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker container stop app-mysql",
+      @mysql.stop.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "info" do
-    assert_equal [:docker, :ps, "--filter", "label=service=app-mysql"], @mysql.info
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker ps --filter label=service=app-mysql",
+      @mysql.info.join(" ")
   end
 
 
   test "execute in new container" do
     assert_equal \
-      [ :docker, :run, "--rm", "-e", "MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret123", "-e", "MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=%", "mysql:8.0", "mysql", "-u", "root" ],
+      "docker run --rm -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret123 -e MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=% mysql:8.0 mysql -u root",
-      @mysql.execute_in_new_container("mysql", "-u", "root")
+      @mysql.execute_in_new_container("mysql", "-u", "root").join(" ")
   end
 
   test "execute in existing container" do
     assert_equal \
-      [ :docker, :exec, "app-mysql", "mysql", "-u", "root" ],
+      "docker exec app-mysql mysql -u root",
-      @mysql.execute_in_existing_container("mysql", "-u", "root")
+      @mysql.execute_in_existing_container("mysql", "-u", "root").join(" ")
   end
 
   test "execute in new container over ssh" do
@@ -97,19 +105,30 @@ class CommandsAccessoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
 
   test "logs" do
-    assert_equal [:docker, :logs, "app-mysql", "-t", "2>&1"], @mysql.logs
+    assert_equal \
-    assert_equal [:docker, :logs, "app-mysql", " --since 5m", " -n 100", "-t", "2>&1", "|", "grep 'thing'"], @mysql.logs(since: "5m", lines: 100, grep: "thing")
+      "docker logs app-mysql -t 2>&1",
+      @mysql.logs.join(" ")
+
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker logs app-mysql  --since 5m  -n 100 -t 2>&1 | grep 'thing'",
+      @mysql.logs(since: "5m", lines: 100, grep: "thing").join(" ")
   end
 
   test "follow logs" do
-    assert_equal "ssh -t root@1.1.1.5 'docker logs app-mysql -t -n 10 -f 2>&1'", @mysql.follow_logs
+    assert_equal \
+      "ssh -t root@1.1.1.5 'docker logs app-mysql -t -n 10 -f 2>&1'",
+      @mysql.follow_logs
   end
 
   test "remove container" do
-    assert_equal [:docker, :container, :prune, "-f", "--filter", "label=service=app-mysql"], @mysql.remove_container
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker container prune -f --filter label=service=app-mysql",
+      @mysql.remove_container.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "remove image" do
-    assert_equal [:docker, :image, :prune, "-a", "-f", "--filter", "label=service=app-mysql"], @mysql.remove_image
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker image prune -a -f --filter label=service=app-mysql",
+      @mysql.remove_image.join(" ")
   end
 end

test/commands/app_test.rb

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class CommandsAppTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "run" do
     assert_equal \
-      "docker run -d --restart unless-stopped --name app-999 -e RAILS_MASTER_KEY=456 --label service=app --label role=web --label traefik.http.routers.app.rule='PathPrefix(`/`)' --label traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.path=/up --label traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.interval=1s --label traefik.http.middlewares.app.retry.attempts=3 --label traefik.http.middlewares.app.retry.initialinterval=500ms dhh/app:999",
+      "docker run -d --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=10m --name app-999 -e RAILS_MASTER_KEY=456 --label service=app --label role=web --label traefik.http.routers.app.rule='PathPrefix(`/`)' --label traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.path=/up --label traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.interval=1s --label traefik.http.middlewares.app.retry.attempts=3 --label traefik.http.middlewares.app.retry.initialinterval=500ms dhh/app:999",
       @app.run.join(" ")
   end
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class CommandsAppTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @config[:volumes] = ["/local/path:/container/path" ]
 
     assert_equal \
-      "docker run -d --restart unless-stopped --name app-999 -e RAILS_MASTER_KEY=456 --volume /local/path:/container/path --label service=app --label role=web --label traefik.http.routers.app.rule='PathPrefix(`/`)' --label traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.path=/up --label traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.interval=1s --label traefik.http.middlewares.app.retry.attempts=3 --label traefik.http.middlewares.app.retry.initialinterval=500ms dhh/app:999",
+      "docker run -d --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=10m --name app-999 -e RAILS_MASTER_KEY=456 --volume /local/path:/container/path --label service=app --label role=web --label traefik.http.routers.app.rule='PathPrefix(`/`)' --label traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.path=/up --label traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.interval=1s --label traefik.http.middlewares.app.retry.attempts=3 --label traefik.http.middlewares.app.retry.initialinterval=500ms dhh/app:999",
       @app.run.join(" ")
   end
 

test/commands/auditor_test.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class CommandsAuditorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @config = {
+      service: "app", image: "dhh/app", registry: { "username" => "dhh", "password" => "secret" }, servers: [ "1.1.1.1" ],
+      audit_broadcast_cmd: "bin/audit_broadcast"
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "record" do
+    assert_match \
+      /echo '.* app removed container' >> mrsk-app-audit.log/,
+      new_command.record("app removed container").join(" ")
+  end
+
+  test "broadcast" do
+    assert_match \
+      /echo '.* app removed container' \| bin\/audit_broadcast/,
+      new_command.broadcast("app removed container").join(" ")
+  end
+
+  private
+    def new_command
+      Mrsk::Commands::Auditor.new(Mrsk::Configuration.new(@config, version: "123"))
+    end
+end

test/commands/builder_test.rb

@@ -8,50 +8,68 @@ class CommandsBuilderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "target multiarch by default" do
     builder = new_builder_command
     assert_equal "multiarch", builder.name
-    assert_equal [:docker, :buildx, :build, "--push", "--platform", "linux/amd64,linux/arm64", "--builder", "mrsk-app-multiarch", "-t", "dhh/app:123", "."], builder.push
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --builder mrsk-app-multiarch -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=app .",
+      builder.push.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "target native when multiarch is off" do
     builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "multiarch" => false })
     assert_equal "native", builder.name
-    assert_equal [:docker, :build, "-t", "dhh/app:123", ".", "&&", :docker, :push, "dhh/app:123"], builder.push
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker build -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=app . && docker push dhh/app:123",
+      builder.push.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "target multiarch remote when local and remote is set" do
     builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "local" => { }, "remote" => { } })
     assert_equal "multiarch/remote", builder.name
-    assert_equal [:docker, :buildx, :build, "--push", "--platform", "linux/amd64,linux/arm64", "--builder", "mrsk-app-multiarch-remote", "-t", "dhh/app:123", "."], builder.push
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --builder mrsk-app-multiarch-remote -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=app .",
+      builder.push.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "target native remote when only remote is set" do
     builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "remote" => { "arch" => "amd64" } })
     assert_equal "native/remote", builder.name
-    assert_equal [:docker, :buildx, :build, "--push", "--platform", "linux/amd64", "--builder", "mrsk-app-native-remote", "-t", "dhh/app:123", "."], builder.push
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64 --builder mrsk-app-native-remote -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=app .",
+      builder.push.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "build args" do
     builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "args" => { "a" => 1, "b" => 2 } })
-    assert_equal [ "--build-arg", "a=1", "--build-arg", "b=2" ], builder.target.build_args
+    assert_equal \
+      "-t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=app --build-arg a=1 --build-arg b=2",
+      builder.target.build_options.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "build secrets" do
     builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "secrets" => ["token_a", "token_b"] })
-    assert_equal [ "--secret", "id=token_a", "--secret", "id=token_b" ], builder.target.build_secrets
+    assert_equal \
+      "-t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=app --secret id=token_a --secret id=token_b",
+      builder.target.build_options.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "native push with build args" do
     builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "multiarch" => false, "args" => { "a" => 1, "b" => 2 } })
-    assert_equal [ :docker, :build, "-t", "--build-arg", "a=1", "--build-arg", "b=2", "dhh/app:123", ".", "&&", :docker, :push, "dhh/app:123" ], builder.push
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker build -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=app --build-arg a=1 --build-arg b=2 . && docker push dhh/app:123",
+      builder.push.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "multiarch push with build args" do
     builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "args" => { "a" => 1, "b" => 2 } })
-    assert_equal [ :docker, :buildx, :build, "--push", "--platform", "linux/amd64,linux/arm64", "--builder", "mrsk-app-multiarch", "-t", "dhh/app:123", "--build-arg", "a=1", "--build-arg", "b=2", "." ], builder.push
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker buildx build --push --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --builder mrsk-app-multiarch -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=app --build-arg a=1 --build-arg b=2 .",
+      builder.push.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "native push with with build secrets" do
     builder = new_builder_command(builder: { "multiarch" => false, "secrets" => [ "a", "b" ] })
-    assert_equal [ :docker, :build, "-t", "--secret", "id=a", "--secret", "id=b", "dhh/app:123", ".", "&&", :docker, :push, "dhh/app:123" ], builder.push
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker build -t dhh/app:123 -t dhh/app:latest --label service=app --secret id=a --secret id=b . && docker push dhh/app:123",
+      builder.push.join(" ")
   end
 
   private

test/commands/prune_test.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require "test_helper"
+
+class CommandsPruneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @config = {
+      service: "app", image: "dhh/app", registry: { "username" => "dhh", "password" => "secret" }, servers: [ "1.1.1.1" ],
+      traefik: { "args" => { "accesslog.format" => "json", "metrics.prometheus.buckets" => "0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0" } }
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "images" do
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker image prune --all --force --filter label=service=app --filter until=168h",
+      new_command.images.join(" ")
+  end
+
+  test "containers" do
+    assert_equal \
+      "docker container prune --force --filter label=service=app --filter until=72h",
+      new_command.containers.join(" ")
+  end
+
+  private
+    def new_command
+      Mrsk::Commands::Prune.new(Mrsk::Configuration.new(@config, version: "123"))
+    end
+end

test/commands/traefik_test.rb

@@ -10,63 +10,74 @@ class CommandsTraefikTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "run" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :run, "--name traefik", "-d", "--restart unless-stopped", "-p 80:80", "-v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock", "traefik", "--providers.docker", "--log.level=DEBUG", "--accesslog.format", "json", "--metrics.prometheus.buckets", "0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0"],
+      "docker run --name traefik -d --restart unless-stopped --log-opt max-size=10m -p 80:80 -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock traefik --providers.docker --log.level=DEBUG --accesslog.format json --metrics.prometheus.buckets 0.1,0.3,1.2,5.0",
-      new_command.run
+      new_command.run.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik start" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :container, :start, 'traefik'], new_command.start
+      "docker container start traefik",
+      new_command.start.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik stop" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :container, :stop, 'traefik'], new_command.stop
+      "docker container stop traefik",
+      new_command.stop.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik info" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :ps, '--filter', 'name=traefik'], new_command.info
+      "docker ps --filter name=traefik",
+      new_command.info.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik logs" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :logs, 'traefik', '-t', '2>&1'], new_command.logs
+      "docker logs traefik -t 2>&1",
+      new_command.logs.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik logs since 2h" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :logs, 'traefik', ' --since 2h', '-t', '2>&1'], new_command.logs(since: '2h')
+      "docker logs traefik  --since 2h -t 2>&1",
+      new_command.logs(since: '2h').join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik logs last 10 lines" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :logs, 'traefik', ' -n 10', '-t', '2>&1'], new_command.logs(lines: 10)
+      "docker logs traefik  -n 10 -t 2>&1",
+      new_command.logs(lines: 10).join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik logs with grep hello!" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :logs, 'traefik', '-t', '2>&1', "|", "grep 'hello!'"], new_command.logs(grep: 'hello!')
+      "docker logs traefik -t 2>&1 | grep 'hello!'",
+      new_command.logs(grep: 'hello!').join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik remove container" do
     assert_equal \
-      [:docker, :container, :prune, "-f", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik"], new_command.remove_container
+      "docker container prune -f --filter label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik",
+      new_command.remove_container.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik remove image" do
     assert_equal \
-    [:docker, :image, :prune, "-a", "-f", "--filter", "label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik"], new_command.remove_image
+      "docker image prune -a -f --filter label=org.opencontainers.image.title=Traefik",
+      new_command.remove_image.join(" ")
   end
 
   test "traefik follow logs" do
     assert_equal \
-    "ssh -t root@1.1.1.1 'docker logs traefik -t -n 10 -f 2>&1'", new_command.follow_logs(host: @config[:servers].first)
+      "ssh -t root@1.1.1.1 'docker logs traefik -t -n 10 -f 2>&1'",
+      new_command.follow_logs(host: @config[:servers].first)
   end
 
   test "traefik follow logs with grep hello!" do
     assert_equal \
-    "ssh -t root@1.1.1.1 'docker logs traefik -t -n 10 -f 2>&1 | grep \"hello!\"'", new_command.follow_logs(host: @config[:servers].first, grep: 'hello!')
+      "ssh -t root@1.1.1.1 'docker logs traefik -t -n 10 -f 2>&1 | grep \"hello!\"'",
+      new_command.follow_logs(host: @config[:servers].first, grep: 'hello!')
   end
 
   private